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Jodrell Bank – Un osservatorio da salvare

È un simbolo. Che parla dell’umano desiderio di guardare oltre il nostro pianeta per capire cosa c’è, là fuori. Il luogo di battesimo dei futuri scienziati del Regno Unito, con gli oltre venticinquemila scolari in gita scolastica che vi approdano ogni anno. Ma anche un pezzo di fantascienza in una terra verde e piacevole. Che si staglia nella luce del tramonto con una silhouette oltremodo fotogenica.

Parliamo del Jodrell Bank Observatory. O meglio, così ne parlano gli inglesi, di quest’osservatorio astronomico fondato nel 1945 nella regione del Cheshire. Protagonista assoluto della struttura è il Lovell Telescope, il radiotelescopio più grande del Regno Unito.

Sir Bernard Lovell, fondatore dell’osservatorio, interpellato al riguardo ebbe a dire: «Incontro spesso anziani ormai in pensione da tempo, i quali mi raccontano che fu la vista di Jodrell, quando erano ragazzi, a ispirarli a intraprendere una carriera scientifica».

Nel 2006, con un sondaggio indetto dal Bbc News Magazine, il telescopio Lovell si è persino aggiudicato un titolo, quello del più grande monumento non celebrato di tutta la Gran Bretagna.

Talmente non considerato che adesso l’intero osservatorio rischia di chiudere i battenti. Nel mese di luglio l’Uk Research and Innovation Agency (Ukri) ha infatti eliminato i fondi di gestione della struttura, che ammontano a 2.8 milioni di sterline all’anno. In mancanza di altri finanziamenti, il Jodrell Bank cesserà ogni operazione dal 1° aprile 2028. Ventotto posizioni lavorative presso l’osservatorio potrebbero essere cancellate. Certamente intaccate risulterebbero anche le ricerche dei quasi tremila astronomi che in tutto il mondo utilizzano i dati dell’osservatorio. Gli effetti della chiusura si propagherebbero ben oltre i confini del regno, insomma.

L’iconico radiotelescopio Lovell al Jodrell Bank Observatory. Con i suoi 76 metri di diametro è il più grande radiotelescopio del Regno Unito e il secondo più grande d’Europa. Crediti: T. O’ Brien

L’opinione pubblica britannica non l’ha presa bene. Persino le rockstar sono scese in campo, vedi Brian May e il chitarrista degli Smiths Johnny Marr che, assieme ad altre celebrità del mondo anglosassone, hanno scritto una lettera per scongiurare una decisione «folle» e chiedere al governo «di trovare immediatamente un finanziamento per salvare il Jodrell Bank».

Un mese fa il primo ministro del Regno Unito Andy Burnham ha preso l’impegno di salvare il radiotelescopio: «Tutti quelli della mia generazione hanno fatto una gita scolastica a Jodrell Bank. È impensabile assistere alla sua fine, e ciò non accadrà sotto il mio governo».

Due petizioni con oltre trentamila firmatari sono state lanciate per far tornare l’Ukri sui suoi passi. «Non si tratta solo di salvare un telescopio», si legge in una di esse. «Si tratta di salvare il nostro posto in prima linea nella scoperta umana – e mantenere viva l’ambizione che ha definito la scienza britannica per generazioni».

Per capire meglio quale sia il valore scientifico dell’osservatorio, abbiamo intervistato Marcello Giroletti, astronomo in servizio all’Istituto di radioastronomia dell’Inaf di Bologna, che conosce bene questa struttura.

Che cos’è il Jodrell Bank Observatory?

«L’osservatorio di Jodrell Bank è il cuore della radioastronomia inglese e un luogo di riferimento per tutta quella europea. Anzitutto, a Jodrell Bank si trova il Lovell Telescope, costruito nel 1957 ma che con i suoi 76 metri di diametro è tuttora il secondo radiotelescopio più grande d’Europa. Il Lovell Telescope è anche la più grande delle sette antenne dell’e-Merlin, una rete di radiotelescopi distribuiti per tutta l’Inghilterra e collegati con fibre ottiche. Jodrell Bank ospita il correlatore di questa rete, ovvero il supercomputer che combina i dati delle “sette sorelle” per realizzare immagini radio molto più dettagliate di quanto sia possibile fare con una sola antenna. Infine, Jodrell Bank ospita numerosi laboratori dedicati allo sviluppo di tecnologie in ambito elettronico e digitale, utili per il continuo miglioramento delle osservazioni».

E fuori dall’Inghilterra? Che ruolo ha questa struttura?

«Accanto a queste attività, gestite dall’Università di Manchester e oggetto dei tagli previsti, a Jodrell Bank è stato installato anche il quartier generale di Skao, il nuovo radiotelescopio fiore all’occhiello della comunità internazionale, che però è in fase di costruzione in Australia e Sudafrica. Quindi, paradossalmente, se i fondi saranno effettivamente tagliati, resterebbe aperto il quartier generale di uno strumento che si trova lontano mentre tutta la strumentazione locale sarebbe sostanzialmente abbandonata».

Dunque l’osservatorio parrebbe tutt’altro che superato, nonostante il telescopio Lovell abbia quasi settant’anni…

«L’e-Merlin è uno strumento che è stato costantemente aggiornato nel corso degli anni ed è tuttora un osservatorio di punta. Ad esempio, il prefisso “e-” si riferisce all’upgrade per cui i dati delle stazioni remote vengono attualmente inviati in modo “elettronico” tramite fibre ottiche, e non via ponti radio, come si faceva inizialmente. Lo strumento fornisce con regolarità importanti risultati sia operando in modo indipendente che all’interno della più grande rete europea – alla quale fornisce maggiore sensibilità e flessibilità – e in coordinamento con osservatori ad altre frequenze e persino con i rivelatori di onde gravitazionali e neutrini. Ad esempio, in questo lavoro del 2021 e-Merlin e IceCube – il fondatore di quest’ultimo è stato appena insignito del premio Nobel – hanno lavorato assieme per dimostrare che un neutrino rivelato da IceCube era stato prodotto nella distruzione di una stella da parte di un buco nero supermassiccio. E anche con l’entrata in funzione di Skao, la risoluzione angolare di e-Merlin resterà fino a cinque volte migliore! Per non parlare del fatto che potrà continuare a vedere regioni del cielo inaccessibili a Skao, che si trova nell’emisfero opposto».

A che punto è la raccolta firme?

«Le due petizioni principali hanno superato le trentottomila e trentunmila firme, e molte altre ne sono sorte anche da parte della comunità locale per difendere quello che è un vero e proprio patrimonio storico e culturale. L’osservatorio di Jodrell Bank è riconosciuto come patrimonio mondiale dell’umanità dall’Unesco e praticamente tutti gli studenti e le studentesse inglesi lo visitano come parte del proprio percorso formativo. È stato ripetutamente sede di eventi di musica, scienza, arte e cultura. Al di là delle iniziative partite da parte della cittadinanza, anche la comunità scientifica si è espressa in modo molto forte, con lettere aperte da parte di numerosi esponenti di alto livello di tutta la comunità radioastronomica internazionale».

Hai un ricordo personale legato al Jodrell Bank?

«Ne ho almeno un paio che mi sono molto cari. Anzitutto, Jodrell Bank è stata la sede presso cui ho frequentato la mia prima scuola di interferometria radio, quando ero ancora un laureando dell’Università di Bologna. A quei tempi era molto più raro fare esperienze all’estero e per me fu un grande onore poter passare una settimana in quel luogo che era contemporaneamente affascinante e anche un po’ intimorente. E ricordo ancora perfettamente l’emozione, dopo una giornata intera di lezioni ed esercitazioni molto intense, di vedere muovere il radiotelescopio nella luce del tardo pomeriggio di fine aprile. Mi ricordo di averlo definito persino romantico!».

Un ricordo più recente invece?

«Era l’estate del 2021 ed era da poco esplosa una nova in Ofiuco. Attivammo con grande urgenza una serie di osservazioni con la rete Evn, a cui tutto e-Merlin ha partecipato, fornendo sensibilità in particolare alle regioni più tenui visibili quando ormai l’emissione ottica ed X era svanita. Il professor O’Brien dell’Università di Manchester seguì personalmente le osservazioni e mi mandò la foto che correda quest’intervista, che conservo ancora caramente e mostro in tutte le presentazioni su quella campagna, sulla quale abbiamo già basato varie pubblicazioni».

 

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An Arizona County’s “Housing Hub” Is a Dead End for Many Homeless Families

A young child wearing pajamas looks out the window as she opens the curtains to let light into a hotel room.
A 12-year-old child opens the curtains of a hotel room in Tempe, Arizona, where she, her mother and four siblings were staying earlier this year while experiencing homelessness. The room was funded in part by AZ Hugs, which helps families with emergency shelter.

A decade ago, nonprofit leaders in Arizona’s most populous county boasted that they had created the Amazon of homeless service systems. Families in crisis would no longer have to contact a dozen agencies in search of shelter or housing. A single system could point them to help.

But for all the hype, this system has become a dead end for many families. A 2023 evaluation found 94% of people who were assessed for housing help by the system didn’t receive it. And that didn’t account for parents who were unable to connect with a worker to see if they qualified for assistance.

Families say it hasn’t improved.

In interviews, 30 families that are homeless told ProPublica that calling the hotline, meeting with outreach workers or showing up at shelters rarely results in offers of help. Some families said they called 211 multiple times without being connected to the homeless response system for families, known as the Family Housing Hub. Others, who said they were sleeping in cars or outdoors, said they couldn’t get a spot on the waitlist for shelter.

The system has returned to what it was a decade ago, with families calling as many shelters as they can, repeating the very situation the hub was intended to fix.

Those who did make it onto the hub’s waitlist said they were left guessing how long it would take to get help. Some said operators told them to sleep in their cars.

Vanessa Lopez said she experienced this frustration after leaving a hostile relationship in the spring. While she and her two children stayed with a friend, Lopez said she repeatedly contacted 211, which functions as a referral service for the hub, hoping it would lead to shelter for her family.

Her friend eventually asked them to leave. Overwhelmed by the stress of not knowing where to take her family, Lopez took a leave from her job. By then, she said, she’d called 211 at least five times.

Yet no matter how dire her situation became, it still took months to get on the waitlist for shelter. During one call she said she broke down in tears, frustrated that others seemed to get help but she could not. She wondered if she needed to be addicted to drugs to receive assistance.

“It’s not me telling you no,” she said the operator told her. “It’s the system.”

Monique Lopez, the CEO of United Methodist Outreach Ministries, known as UMOM, which runs the Family Housing Hub and the shelter waitlist, acknowledged the frustrations of people like Vanessa Lopez (no relation). But before UMOM offers callers shelter or a spot on the waitlist, the organization first tries to help them find other options.

“We don’t start the conversation with, ‘Hey, do you want to get on the shelter waitlist?’” Monique Lopez said. “It really is ‘Let’s try to figure your situation out first.’”

Lopez attributed some frustrations to the number of organizations offering assistance through the hub. Each shelter has its own rules, and some families may not meet the requirements of every program.

To address the confusion, UMOM updated its website to provide more information about the homeless response system for families, she said. The federally funded system, known as Coordinated Entry, mandates that providers use an assessment to prioritize scarce housing.

“It’s not me telling you no. It’s the system.”

211 operator

But families told ProPublica that the process in Maricopa County often leaves them confused and hopeless. Family homelessness in the county has risen to its highest level in more than a decade, while every shelter is full and housing vouchers are scarce. In 2025, there were 630 units of shelter and transitional housing for families in the county, down from 769 the year before, according to the most recent federal data.

Monique Lopez acknowledged that family shelters are full, leaving few good options. “People are living in unsafe and unstable situations while waiting just to get into emergency shelter,” she said.

The process, experts said, shouldn’t leave people wondering if there is help and what it takes to get it.

“You have to have some kind of method for setting priorities when there aren’t enough resources to go around,” said Marybeth Shinn, an expert on family homelessness at Vanderbilt University. “The process should be transparent. People should know if they’re on a waitlist.”


UMOM and other Maricopa County nonprofits launched the Family Housing Hub in 2014, after years of planning and strategizing over how to end family homelessness in the county that is home to Phoenix. As they envisioned it, families would meet with a worker at UMOM who could match them with the best solution for their situation.

At the time, there was a national push to create these local systems. The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development in 2012 asked communities to establish a Coordinated Entry system. By 2018, the agency required it in order to receive housing and homelessness grants. The mandates coincided with a Barack Obama-era plan to end family homelessness by 2020. (That did not happen.)

Experts said the systems were set up without evidence they would be effective. When researchers did look at Coordinated Entry — in a 2021 study of single adults — they found issues similar to those now faced by families in Maricopa County, including concerns about fairness and a lack of transparency. People didn’t understand the screening process and generally received vague explanations about how their information would be used to decide if they would get help.

As Maricopa County nonprofit leaders developed their system for families, they also pledged to provide a “rapid response without waiting lists” to immediately meet the needs of any family asking for help.

A woman wearing a backpack sits at a picnic table under a gazebo while several men and women wait in a line to be served food by two volunteers.
People line up at what is known as “The Hill” in Tempe, Arizona, to receive food from volunteers with the organization AZ Hugs, which serves unhoused residents throughout the city.

The county saw a decline in family homelessness from 2015 to 2019. But then the numbers began to rise, even as the stock of emergency shelter increased. During the COVID-19 pandemic, efforts to address the problem began to fray. The group of nonprofit leaders, which called itself “Standing Strong for Families,” stopped meeting regularly. Arizona, along with other Sun Belt states, also saw an increase in housing prices. With one of the lowest supplies of housing for low-income people in the country, eviction filings began to soar.

By 2023, only 6% of families that were assessed by Maricopa County’s homeless response system received help with permanent housing, according to an analysis of three years of enrollment data from the system and interviews with providers and people who had sought housing assistance.

The evaluation, by Homebase, a nonprofit consulting group, was requested and paid for by the Maricopa Association of Governments, which provides staffing for the regional response to homelessness.

Homebase concluded the system for single adults who are homeless was accessible, but the family system was not. Across the system, auditors said, families encountered a “breakdown in communication” and a “lack of transparency.”

Ashley Oakley, UMOM’s chief development officer, said in a statement that the evaluation reflects a gap between the need in the community and the housing that’s available. Oakley called it “one of the biggest challenges” facing those who are working on family homelessness in Maricopa County.

To decide who gets onto the housing list, workers with the Family Housing Hub conduct an assessment of vulnerability, which assigns a score based on how long a person has been homeless and whether they have a disability. That score helps determine eligibility and priority for housing programs, Oakley said.

Nonprofit leaders recently developed a new evaluation. Before it was implemented over the summer, testing had showed it didn’t fully account for the vulnerabilities of families and needed more changes. Now, for example, households with children under 6 receive a higher score, making it more likely they can get help.

Any family sleeping in a place not meant for “habitation” or in a dangerous situation is eligible for shelter, said UMOM’s Oakley. To remain on the shelter waitlist, families must check in weekly and say where they slept the previous night. Staying in a hotel for a night should not “by itself” remove a family from the waitlist, Oakley said.

But families told ProPublica that they had been removed from the waitlist because they stayed in a hotel. (UMOM said it is reviewing its process to make sure check-ins are handled “consistently.”)

Families in dire situations may not get help, said Richard Southee, a regional executive director at Central Arizona Shelter Services, the largest shelter provider in Arizona. Southee also works on a committee that oversees Maricopa County’s response to homelessness.

That’s in part because the federal government has focused funding on more noticeable forms of homelessness, such as people living in encampments. Homeless families are typically less visible and move more frequently. They couch surf, stay in hotels or do other things to avoid drawing the attention of the Arizona Department of Child Safety. Child welfare officials sometimes consider a lack of shelter to be evidence of child neglect, along with other factors.

“We’re deciding who’s going to be at the back of the line, and we as a nation really have said people who are not chronically homeless are going to be at the back of the line,” Southee said. “You have to stay homeless to get to the front, and that’s a design choice.”

Felicia Vela and her two children were kicked out of a guest house they were renting in February, text messages from that time show. She said she searched online for help and was repeatedly directed to 211 for “emergency shelter,” which she called at least twice and explained her situation: She had stashed her belongings in a storage unit, text messages show, and was staying at a hotel that she couldn’t afford for much longer.

There was nothing immediately available, she said operators told her, with one saying the waitlist was closed and the other telling her it could take six months to a year to get shelter. (UMOM said to protect the privacy of clients, it does not comment on individual families. The organization also said that the waitlist does not close.)

When Vela didn’t have anywhere to go, she slept in her car while her children stayed with a friend. She tried to make extra money by donating plasma, but her blood pressure was too high.

Vela, who works a warehouse job, moved into an apartment with the help of a local nonprofit that is not associated with the hub, but she’s now fallen behind on rent and is facing eviction. Her car broke down, and she can’t get to work. She started calling 211 again, seeking rental assistance.

“It’s like I can’t get a break,” she said.


Every January, volunteers in cities across the country spend one night trying to count people who are homeless. In Maricopa County, the 2026 count showed the number of people in homeless families, at 2,103, was the highest it had been since 2015. The survey is considered an undercount, especially for families.

Over the summer, the waitlist for shelter ballooned to more than 200 families. It takes about seven weeks for those on the list to get shelter, according to UMOM.

Some families interviewed by ProPublica said they waited longer. And more people are entering the system than leaving it, delaying help for newly homeless families.

In Maricopa County, 139 units of shelter for families closed from 2024 to 2025, after COVID-19 pandemic relief funds expired. The state also cut $867,000 in funding to help families get into housing quickly. It had helped about 40 families.

As families wait, they have searched for other ways to access the homeless service system.

Some go to one of the city of Phoenix’s heat relief centers, inside a 21,000-square-foot former charter school. City officials said the number of families seeking help has doubled from a year ago. Some families said they were able to immediately get shelter through the workers there.

After city officials learned a local advocate, Austin Davis, was sending families to the center to receive shelter, he said they asked him to stop sending families.

Davis runs a local nonprofit that helps families like Vela’s find emergency shelter. He said his interactions with hundreds of families over the past year have shown the official channels to shelter are “too complicated.” Calling weekly to stay on the waitlist is time-consuming. The families are already managing day-to-day responsibilities while trying to resolve an overwhelming personal crisis, he said.

“The system is really designed to run people in circles until they either give up or hit enough roadblocks where they can’t continue,” Davis said.

Davis crowdsources donations to put the families in hotel rooms on and off for days, weeks or sometimes months.

A woman and young child hug each other while sitting on the bed in a hotel room. Their hair obscures their faces, and the child is wearing pajamas.
Ebony embraces her daughter inside the hotel room where she was staying with five of her kids.

Ebony, a single mother of six who has breast cancer, needed longer-term help. She lost her job as a security guard this year after a chemotherapy treatment caused her to faint as she was about to begin her shift, she said.

In April, she lost her apartment. Ebony, who asked that her last name not be used to protect future job opportunities, said she called every number she could find looking for help, including 211. Eventually she was placed on the waitlist, but that didn’t solve her immediate problem of where to sleep.

She and her children stayed in hotel rooms until she ran out of cash. Then, she said, the family slept in an alley.

If a mother with breast cancer and young children sleeping outside was not vulnerable enough to get help, she wondered, who was?

The next day, she connected with Davis, who helped her pay for weeks of shelter. Then one morning she texted Davis with some good news.

She had met a pastor who helped her get into a local housing program. But she needed help for a few more days, until she could move into her new apartment.

The post An Arizona County’s “Housing Hub” Is a Dead End for Many Homeless Families appeared first on ProPublica.

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Midnight Mimosa, ancora malware Android installato prima dell’acquisto

La campagna scoperta da Bitdefender colpisce dispositivi Android economici attraverso applicazioni inserite direttamente nel firmware. Il componente malevolo opera con privilegi di sistema, installa altri software senza consenso e può trasformare il telefono in un nodo proxy controllato da remoto. L’Italia è fra i Paesi con più rilevazioni. Uno smartphone nuovo, appena estratto dalla confezione, […]

L'articolo Midnight Mimosa, ancora malware Android installato prima dell’acquisto proviene da Securityinfo.it.

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