Nel Miocene i grandi coccodrilli erano al vertice della catena alimentare
“La fase del dialogo è completamente esaurita“. Dalla città di Cali, in una Valle del Cauca dilaniata dal conflitto armato, Abelardo De La Espriella chiude le trattative di pace in corso dal 2016 tra Stato e gruppi armati e promette di “sconfiggere senza tregua il narcoterrorismo e le organizzazioni criminali” che a suo avviso “minacciano la Colombia”. Poi, sulla falsariga del modello salvadoregno, il presidente conferma la costruzione di “mega carceri” per coloro che “rappresentano una maggiore minaccia per la sicurezza del Paese”. El Tigre volta così le spalle alla classe politica e tende la mano alle Forze dell’ordine assicurando “garanzie politiche” affinché “non siano condannate” dalla legge a causa dell'”compimento del loro dovere”. “Questo governo vi proteggerà come va fatto con gli eroi della Colombia”, ribadisce De La Espriella rivolgendosi a militari e agenti di polizia, che hanno l’ordine di “combattere tutte le strutture criminali”.
La reazione militare, tanto temuta dai progressisti, è servita e conta sul sostegno delle forze conservatrici. “Oggi la Colombia recupera la propria autorità e il rispetto le forze militari”, commenta la senatrice Maria Fernanda Cabal (Centro democratico). Della stessa opinione la governatrice della Valle del Cauca, Dilian Francisca Toro, che plaude la priorità data dal nuovo governo alla sicurezza della regione. “Tuttavia – ammonisce – abbiamo bisogno che gli investimenti sul sociale vadano di pari passo con le truppe”. Ma non sarà possibile, visto l’imminente “congelamento della spesa pubblica” che sarà imposto via decreto.
La cerimonia ufficiale di insediamento si è tenuta all’Università di Cali, ma il discorso relativo al piano securitario è stato pronunciato presso il Cantón militar Pichincha, sede della Terza brigata di Cali, alla presenza di cinquecento militari. Il tutto direttamente sorvegliato dall’amministrazione Trump, che ha inviato un B-2 Spirit a sorvolare la città in coordinamento con le Forze aeree locali. L’operazione è stata un primo banco di prova della futura integrazione militare Bogotà-Washington sotto il cappello della coalizione Shield of Americas. Il Dipartimento di Stato ha inoltre stanziato un miliardo di dollari in favore del nuovo alleato come “parte di un pacchetto di sicurezza” iniziale.
Per Washington, i punti chiave dell’alleanza sono la lotta alle “spietate organizzazioni narcoterroriste e criminali” e un’agenda di “crescita economica” che apre a ulteriori investimenti Usa nel Paese. In programma anche “aiuti umanitari” e iniziative di “cooperazione bilaterale in materia di energia nucleare” a scopi “civili e pacifici”. Ma i gruppi armati non si fanno intimidire dal ritorno dello zio Sam e alzano la posta in gioco. “La superbia dell’estrema destra che oggi assume il potere non farà che approfondire la guerra nei territori – si legge in un comunicato diffuso dall’Ejército de liberación nacional (Eln) -. Risponderemo con la stessa violenza armata che verrà applicata nei nostri confronti”.
Anche le dissidenze Farc, contrarie al dialogo di pace, attraverso il loro Stato maggiore centrale, assicurano che le loro unità “non si piegheranno dinanzi a un governo che cerca la via militare”. E rivendicano: “Il controllo delle cordigliere resterà nelle mani del popolo in armi”. Avvisaglie della futura escalation si sono verificate prima e durante l’insediamento, con la presenza di cilindri sospetti sparsi nelle vie del Cauca e droni manipolati dalle guerriglie, oltre al sequestro di un bus carico di 420 chili di nitrato di ammonio che era pronto a esplodere a Cali. Cresce la tensione anche al confine est, quello con il Venezuela, dove il 1° agosto è esplosa un’autobomba davanti a un comando di polizia a Cúcuta. Il malcontento si estende anche ad alcuni settori della popolazione, in particolar modo i sostenitori del Pacto Histórico, che nelle strade di Cali contestavano la linea dura del nuovo governo.
La tensione è cresciuta dopo che il presidente uscente Gustavo Petro ha denunciato una “frode elettorale massiccia e algoritmica” perpetrata attraverso l’azienda israeliana BlackCore e l’agenzia di Intelligence Black Cube, legata al Mossad. I brogli, secondo alcuni orchestrati dalla ditta Thomas Greg & Sons e da altri privati, avrebbero inciso su oltre mille seggi equivalenti a circa 7 milioni di voti. L’ex presidente ha persino presentato una domanda di nullità elettorale, ammessa dalla Sezione quinta del Consiglio di Stato colombiano, che però si limita a chiedere un’audizione giudiziaria sulle elezioni.
Nello stesso tempo, l’ex candidato presidenziale Iván Cepeda ha nominato un gabinetto parallelo a quello di De La Espriella con la finalità di “contrastare” le decisioni del governo di estrema destra con “solidi argomenti” affinché “nulla di ciò che è stato raggiunto” durante l’unico governo progressista del Paese “vada perduto”. Sottovoce, anche la destra moderata, memore del fallimento del Plan Colombia e delle sue vittime, si dice preoccupata a causa della svolta militare.
L'articolo Colombia, finisce l’era del dialogo: De La Espriella “arruola” i militari e dichiara guerra ai narcos proviene da Il Fatto Quotidiano.

© Norlys Perez/Reuters

«E dunque mi sai dire qual è il migliore?». Il miglior ristorante della città. Il miglior hotel del mondo. Il vino con il punteggio più alto. Il cocktail bar da non perdere. Il pane premiato, il caffè vincitore, la spiaggia perfetta. Siamo sempre alla ricerca della referenza migliore da provare o da vivere. Migliore per chi? Secondo quale criterio? E in relazione a cosa? O a chi?
Viviamo in un’epoca in cui scegliere è diventato incredibilmente complicato. Non perché manchino le opportunità, ma perché sono praticamente infinite. Ogni ricerca online restituisce centinaia di risultati, migliaia di recensioni, classifiche, premi, guide. A questo si aggiungono gli infiniti – talvolta molto utili, talvolta per nulla – contenuti degli influencer e algoritmi pronti a suggerirci cosa dovremmo desiderare.
Le classifiche – come abbiamo già analizzato su queste pagine – costituiscono uno strumento utile per orientarsi in ogni categoria di riferimento. Premiano il lavoro di chi ha raggiunto livelli di eccellenza, fissano standard, raccontano il valore di un progetto. Nel turismo, come nella gastronomia o nel vino, sono strumenti preziosi e che vale (ancora) la pena consultare. Il problema nasce quando smettiamo di usarle come strumenti e iniziamo a considerarle fonti di risposte definitive e assolute.
Il nocciolo della questione si articola in due ordini di grandezza. Il primo, riguarda il pensiero di credere che esista un’eccellenza suprema indiscussa e valida per chiunque e dovunque indistintamente. Il secondo, direttamente connesso al primo, è pensare che il migliore sia un concetto necessario. Questo tipo di ossessione non consente di accogliere con la giusta dose di stupore, curiosità e approfondimento le sfumature di ogni realtà. Le storie, le motivazioni, le argomentazioni, le cause di quello che stiamo provando, sia esso un vino, un piatto o un servizio di un hotel di lusso.
Esiste anche un lato oscuro della medaglia, una storia di giustificazione dietro alla quale alcuni provano a nascondersi. In un mondo che ci offre infinite possibilità delegare la decisione a una classifica è rassicurante. Se qualcuno ha già valutato, confrontato e premiato, ci sentiamo più al sicuro nella nostra scelta. Quando prenotiamo l’hotel che occupa il primo posto in una classifica internazionale, quando scegliamo il ristorante più premiato o la bottiglia con il punteggio più alto, non stiamo semplicemente inseguendo un’apparente idea di migliore. Stiamo cercando una garanzia, una conferma. Un modo per ridurre il rischio di tornare a casa pensando «avrei potuto scegliere meglio».

Un hotel può essere straordinario sotto ogni punto di vista: architettura, servizio, ristorazione, formazione del personale, attenzione al dettaglio. Tutti elementi che possono essere osservati, analizzati e, almeno in parte, misurati. Tuttavia, quello che nessuna guida, nessun premio e nessuna classifica potranno mai conoscere con certezza è chi sono i clienti. Non possono sapere il perché di un viaggio. Se stanno festeggiando un momento speciale o cercando semplicemente qualche giorno per rallentare. È ovvio che ci sono strumenti che ormai consentono di risalire ai target dominanti anche andando a ritroso nel sistema di prenotazione, facendo sondaggi e orientando i propri guest a scegliere determinate attività o esperienze. Tuttavia, non si possono conoscere il carattere, le aspettative o il tipo di ricordo che ogni famiglia, coppia o viaggiatore individuale sono interessati a costruire.
Per questo motivo – e non solo – un hotel eccellente può non essere quello che ricorderemo con più affetto. E un piccolo albergo, magari privo di riconoscimenti internazionali, può diventare il luogo a cui penseremo per anni. Se l’eccellenza come concetto e come obiettivo appartiene all’hotel (o alla ristorazione), l’esperienza e le emozioni ad essa connesse afferiscono al viaggiatore.
È nell’incontro tra queste due dimensioni, nella difficilissima impresa di trovare un equilibrio delle parti, che diventa possibile scovare l’indirizzo che soddisfi le nostre aspettative e le nostre esigenze. Non il migliore tra tutti, ma senza ombra di dubbio la soluzione migliore per noi in quel momento, capace di regalarci un’emozione positiva durevole nel tempo.
«Quando sei felice facci caso», Kurt Vonnegut
Photo courtesy Alexandre Chambon, Arch Daily, Belmond
L'articolo Perché siamo ossessionati dalla ricerca del migliore? proviene da Linkiesta.it.

C’è stato un tempo in cui raccontavano ai nostri amici di amare il viaggio, quella sensazione piacevole di vacanza mista a ozio, fare i turisti in terra straniera e farsi stupire dalle novità. Oggi potremmo essere etichettati come dei veri boomer oltre che non essere aggiornati con i tempi. Siamo passati da che il lessico dell’ospitalità era semplice e funzionale a una condizione dove il vocabolario legato a questo settore non è più sufficiente per descriverlo e sta vivendo un vero e proprio stravolgimento.
Non si va più semplicemente in vacanza. Eh no! Si parte per una coolcation. Si prolunga una trasferta di lavoro trasformandola in bleisure. Si sceglie un hotel per la sua proposta in ottica sleep tourism. Si vola a migliaia di chilometri per assistere a un concerto, facendo gig-tripping (molto americana come attitudine). Ancora, si visita una destinazione perché è diventata il set di una serie televisiva, seguendo il fenomeno del set-jetting.
Proprio perché il lessico si è moltiplicato e siamo stati nuovamente invasi da un’ondata di neologismi – per forza di cose – prevalentemente di lingua inglese, eccoci in soccorso per fare un po’ di chiarezza.
In riferimento ai nuovi modi di viaggiare, accanto ai già noti termini quali staycation – la vacanza vicino a casa – oppure il nanotrip – il viaggio brevissimo di poche ore, magari con una sola notte fuori casa – oppure lo slow travel, troviamo al primo posto il bleisure. Il termine deriva dalla contrazione di business e leisure e indica la trasferta di lavoro che si prolunga di qualche giorno per visitare la destinazione in cui ci si trova. Una pratica ormai così diffusa da essere diventata una categoria di mercato su cui fare promozione anche per compagnie aeree, hotel, centri congressi, ristoranti.

Coolcation, invece, racconta un cambiamento climatico prima ancora che turistico. Se per decenni l’estate significava cercare il sole e l’ozio sotto l’ombrellone, oggi sempre più viaggiatori fanno il contrario: scelgono la Norvegia, la Scozia, le Alpi, le Faroe Islands o l’Islanda per sfuggire alle ondate di calore. Al di là della sua efficacia e aderenza alla realtà, la vera considerazione che ci viene da fare è che probabilmente questo vocabolo non sarebbe mai nato vent’anni fa.
Una categoria differente è dettata dalle motivazioni dei viaggi. È così che sono nati termini quali il set-jetting, ovvero visitare luoghi famosi di film e serie tv. È successo con la Sicilia dopo “The White Lotus”, con la Croazia dopo “Game of Thrones”, con la Corea del Sud grazie alle produzioni televisive degli ultimi anni. Esiste però anche il gig-tripping, cioè la moda dell’organizzare un viaggio per assistere a un concerto o a un evento musicale inseguendo i propri idoli. Lo sleep tourism è forse uno di quelli più noti e che presumibilmente farà meno fatica a perdurare nel tempo. Una delle tendenze più sorprendenti degli ultimi anni prevede infatti di scegliere un hotel non tanto per quello che c’è fuori, quanto per quello che promette dentro: silenzio, materassi progettati scientificamente, programmi dedicati al sonno, camere prive di stimoli digitali e tisane calmanti. Lo sleep tourism predilige il dormire bene, ridare un ritmo di riposo e attività al proprio organismo, e il sonno di qualità (con annesse facilities e servizi a disposizione) diventa il motivo stesso del viaggio.

Anche se alcuni di questi termini risultano come meri slogan di marketing, di fatto ognuno descrive un comportamento che, fino a pochi anni fa, non esisteva o aveva un peso marginale ed è quindi giusto conoscere.
Il lessico sta cambiando anche per quello che riguarda il lusso e le strutture di ospitalità. Ancora una volta la lingua italiana non ne esce vincitrice in quanto il luxury hotel è sempre di più un lifestyle hotel, così come il resort è sempre più un retreat. Il concetto delle realtà boutique e di design si sta leggermente perdendo in virtù di private residencies, curated experience o taylor-made solutions.
La trasformazione più interessante riguarda una parola molto più radicata, ovvero il turista. Le brochure degli hotel parlano di travellers. Le agenzie costruiscono esperienze per explorers. I brand raccontano il conscious traveller, il curious traveller, l’untamed traveller. Gli hotel stessi li considerato guest. Ma esistono anche gli slow travellers, i wellness travellers, i luxury adventurers o i nature-first travellers. Forse dovremmo interrogarci sempre di più su che cosa è il turismo oggi, che cosa significa viaggiare nel nostro tempo e quali concetti si evocano. Un fenomeno che realmente sociologi e studiosi del turismo osservano da decenni, ma che oggi sembra prendere una nuova forma. Il desiderio di sentirsi diversi dagli altri turisti è diventato parte integrante dell’esperienza di viaggio stessa, aiutando sempre più individui a ritrovarsi, recuperare energie mentali e fisiche, serenità emotiva, equilibrio famiglia, personale e di coppia.
E voi, quali viaggiatori volete essere?
Credits Keona Sample, Gracey Media Photo via Pinterest
L'articolo Da bleisure a coolcation, il viaggiatore contemporaneo ha un nuovo vocabolario proviene da Linkiesta.it.

© Kenny Holston/The New York Times

© Kenny Holston/The New York Times


Nature, Published online: 14 August 2026; doi:10.1038/s41586-026-11023-3
Author Correction: Cell intrinsic immunity spreads to bystander cells via the intercellular transfer of cGAMPNature, Published online: 14 August 2026; doi:10.1038/s41586-026-11023-3
Author Correction: Cell intrinsic immunity spreads to bystander cells via the intercellular transfer of cGAMPCitroën 2CV e Renault 4 sono molto più di due semplici utilitarie. Progettate per motorizzare la Francia del dopoguerra, hanno interpretato lo stesso obiettivo seguendo strade diverse: essenzialità assoluta e ingegno tecnico per la prima, praticità e versatilità per la seconda. Ancora oggi sono tra le auto d'epoca più amate e ricercate, protagoniste di un confronto che mette a paragone due modi differenti, ma ugualmente geniali, di intendere l'automobile popolare.
Piano piano arriva dappertutto
La “Dedeuche” del Double Chevron fa capolino molto prima: pronta nel 1939, gli eventi imposero di riporla in fabbrica per rispolverarla nel 1945, modificandone alcuni parametri per estremizzarne ulteriormente la semplicità. Raffreddamento ad aria per eliminare un intero circuito, sospensioni interconnesse (da qui il celebre comportamento su strada, gommoso, ondeggiante, ma sempre affidabile), portiere che si smontano con una mano e sedili a panca di tela, amovibili in caso di carichi voluminosi. Le origini contadine del direttore Pierre-Jules Boulanger trapelano dal suo cahier des charges imposto a Flaminio Bertoni, e proprio all’impoverita Francia rurale la 2 CV è indirizzata. Rustica, eccentrica, ma irresistibile: una poesia minimalista per la quale si crea una lista d’attesa lunga anni, per tutti coloro che non fossero dottori, veterinari, agricoltori o professionisti. Dal 1948 al 1955 monta un ansimante “flat twin” di 375 cm3 per 9 CV, che poi diventerà di 425 cm3. Lenta, lentissima, ma le marce ben rapportate le consentivano di andare dappertutto. Un less is more in stile Mies van der Rohe su quattro ruote.
Pragmatismo e buonsenso
Marie Chantal, il nome in codice della Renault 4, rispose 13 anni dopo la 2 CV, a seguito di uno studio richiesto dal direttore Pierre Dreyfus nel 1956. Era l’interpretazione della Renault dello stesso concetto - dopo aver preso nota di quelli che alcuni proprietari ritenevano essere i difetti della Citroën -, che sostituiva di fatto sia la 4 CV sia la furgonetta Dauphinoise. I limiti della dondolante avversaria andavano superati: il mercato rurale volgeva al tramonto e, con il miglioramento della rete viaria, la Citroën si rivelava inadatta alle nuove autostrade, così come troppo complesse erano ormai le sospensioni, non più così cruciali. La linea ponton della R4 garantiva più spazio a parità d’ingombri, il moderno portellone fu poi il coup de théâtre. Sebbene la Renault non fosse certa del successo, al punto da tutelarsi con un progetto di sostituzione anticipata in caso di necessità (sarà la futura Renault 6), la R4 diventò presto una bestseller, scalzando la 2 CV che aveva già raggiunto il suo apice. Prezzo concorrenziale, garantito dalla potenza della rete di vendita della Régie, finiture migliori e collaudati motori a 4 cilindri, prima di 747 cm3, poi 845, 782 per alcuni mercati, 1.108 e infine 956. Da quel momento, fu la Citroën a inseguire, aumentando cilindrata e dotazioni della “Deuche” e aggiungendo Ami e Dyane, un po’ più urbane, esattamente come la R4.
Troppo amate per poterle giudicare
Tifoserie numerose, affezionate ed eterogenee. Per non irritare nessuno, rimane solo l’oggettività più fredda: la Renault è più comoda e migliore su strada, per prestazioni e rumorosità, pertanto rimane la più sfruttabile e pratica; la Citroën, però, è la più romantica, esteticamente inconfondibile quanto lo è alla guida, e può diventare quasi una cabriolet. Ad accomunarle davvero fu purtroppo la loro fine: ghigliottinate solo dalle nuove normative su inquinamento e sicurezza degli anni 90, giacché nessuna concorrente comparabile fu mai in grado di spodestarle. Forse, giusto l’altrettanto rivoluzionaria Fiat Panda terrà testa...




















Nature, Published online: 12 August 2026; doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10846-4
Observations of an unusual cosmic-dawn source illuminate how early supermassive black holes may have grown rapidly in a gas-enshrouded state; such enshrouded black holes may lie at the heart of the 'little red dots'.Nature, Published online: 12 August 2026; doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10896-8
Behaviour of human participants in a prey-pursuit task reflects dynamic blending of goal-specific control policies, with hippocampus estimating latent states, anterior cingulate cortex orchestrating policy switches and orbitofrontal cortex supplying value-based contextualization rather than driving continuous policy updating.Nature, Published online: 12 August 2026; doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10878-w
Deep Hubble Space Telescope imaging of the ultra-diffuse galaxy UGC 9050-Dw1 reveals an extragalactic globular cluster stream, with analysis and modelling probing the rich dark matter content of the host galaxy.Nature, Published online: 12 August 2026; doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10846-4
Observations of an unusual cosmic-dawn source illuminate how early supermassive black holes may have grown rapidly in a gas-enshrouded state; such enshrouded black holes may lie at the heart of the 'little red dots'.Nature, Published online: 12 August 2026; doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10896-8
Behaviour of human participants in a prey-pursuit task reflects dynamic blending of goal-specific control policies, with hippocampus estimating latent states, anterior cingulate cortex orchestrating policy switches and orbitofrontal cortex supplying value-based contextualization rather than driving continuous policy updating.Nature, Published online: 12 August 2026; doi:10.1038/s41586-026-10878-w
Deep Hubble Space Telescope imaging of the ultra-diffuse galaxy UGC 9050-Dw1 reveals an extragalactic globular cluster stream, with analysis and modelling probing the rich dark matter content of the host galaxy.
A robot was on fire. Again.
It was the summer of 2024, and the cutting-edge robots inside General Dynamics’ sweltering artillery factory near Dallas were catching fire with startling regularity, according to four former workers there. This wasn’t ideal, as the plant was supposed to be churning out urgently needed artillery shells for Ukraine. The robots, giant metal arms with clamps for hands, would end up drenched in oil, which would then — no surprise — combust as they moved steel blocks heated to 1,800 degrees into and out of a machine that periodically erupted columns of fire. One blaze that summer melted a robot’s cables, putting it out of commission for a week.
Only weeks earlier, defense officials and executives had touted the factory’s innovative new machinery, imported from Turkey, at a gala opening ceremony. But employees were already used to spectacular mishaps, fiery and otherwise. “After the second, third, fourth time, it just became almost normal,” one former worker said. “It got to the point where I was not surprised by anything that happened there.”
Instead of producing shells in an efficient and streamlined fashion, the pricey machines kept failing in bizarre ways. The robot arms would swing out of control, smashing into carefully calibrated equipment, and sometimes they would unexpectedly drop hunks of steel 5 feet down to the floor. The factory’s signature device, meant to precisely stretch the steel for the artillery shells, instead often cracked it beyond repair. Then there were the giant press machines, which required regular pounding with a sledgehammer to function properly but still botched the shaping of nearly every shell. “We really didn’t have any standardized practice,” said Quantel White, a former employee. “It was just a bunch of guys taking turns going at the machine with a sledgehammer every night.” To workers, even the factory buildings themselves came to feel doomed, with acrid smoke hanging in 100-degree heat over foundations seemingly sinking into the earth.
The situation never improved. The U.S. Army, which funded the factory, ordered work halted on two of its three production lines in August 2025. By then, General Dynamics had blown eight deadlines. Work on the third production line continued, but the facility never produced a single usable shell, according to a report from the Department of Defense’s inspector general in July.
The fiasco has cost American taxpayers $533 million, according to the Army. But the Army has not held General Dynamics or a key Turkish subcontractor — which provided the factory’s much-hyped but little-proven equipment — publicly accountable for the failures. Nor has it made General Dynamics pay a penny back.
Just the opposite: General Dynamics, one of the world’s largest defense companies, has been showered with new contracts, continuing its track record as one of the greatest beneficiaries of Pentagon spending. The company is still in charge of the factory. It recently announced that it will fix things there by bringing in another much-hyped but little-proven technology.
“It’s an absolute disaster,” said one former official in an Army office supervising the project. “The Army should’ve gone after recovering money from General Dynamics,” added the official, who, like others interviewed for this story, spoke on the condition of anonymity.
Publicly, the Army has been tight-lipped about what, exactly, went wrong at the factory, located in a sprawling suburb called Mesquite. The inspector general report described the failure but offered few specifics. It didn’t name the companies involved, much less any of the individuals responsible. The report’s recommendations were tepid: The Army should determine whether the contract was “appropriately issued,” how “the money was spent” and whether it can recoup any of it. It should also “identify and implement a solution” for producing more artillery. Army officials deflected blame, telling the inspector general that they didn’t do anything wrong.
In a detailed statement to ProPublica, the Army said it will recover funding for the project by getting unspecified discounts from General Dynamics on production orders. “The Army is exercising rigorous oversight to ensure every dollar invested delivers capability to the warfighter,” the statement read. “Where vendors fail to meet contract specifications, as seen at the Mesquite facility, we are evaluating contract performance, seeking recoupment of funds, and pivoting resources.”
As for General Dynamics, it has given no public explanation whatsoever. The company has said that it “met or exceeded requirements,” according to the inspector general report. General Dynamics declined an interview request from ProPublica. Company spokesperson Jeff Davis said ProPublica’s reporting “fundamentally mischaracterizes the circumstances and falsely impugns our record of employee safety and truthfulness with our customer.” He continued: “An article based on this foundation would be a materially false and misleading hit piece.” Davis did not respond to ProPublica’s request that he specify the alleged errors.
ProPublica reconstructed how the project went awry through interviews with 36 current and former employees of General Dynamics, the Army, the Pentagon and the White House. ProPublica also reviewed internal company documents as well as photographs and videos taken inside the factory.
Those involved described a project that was rushed and ill considered from the start. Congress paved the way, removing government contracting guardrails — meant to ensure taxpayer money isn’t wasted — so that Ukraine-related defense projects could be funded quickly. The Army took advantage, handing General Dynamics lucrative no-bid awards without knowing whether the machines it planned to use could perform the desired work. The Army’s due diligence was inadequate, four former Army and General Dynamics officials told ProPublica.
Compared to the multibillion-dollar budgets of other DOD projects, the financial cost of the Texas debacle is small. But the lack of consequences for the companies involved, in the view of defense-spending critics, is symptomatic of a larger problem: a deep-rooted culture at the Pentagon and in Congress in which expensive failures lead only to more spending. Such critics fear that extreme cases like this one could become more common if the Trump administration succeeds in boosting the defense budget from $1 trillion to $1.5 trillion. The administration is also seeking tens of billions of dollars for its war against Iran and pressuring defense companies to quickly ramp up weapons production.
“Too often the contractors have no accountability for their mistakes,” defense budget researcher William Hartung said. The Texas failure, he said, “is a foreshadow of what’s to come if the Trump administration gets the budget it asked for.”
Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 felt like an emergency to the Biden administration. For General Dynamics, it was an opportunity. And Firat Gezen was ready with a pitch.
In six years running General Dynamics’ Ordnance and Tactical Systems business, Gezen had earned a reputation as a deft strategist and salesman. At 50, he wasn’t an engineer, and he had no experience running factories. He had spent decades working on the financial side of the weapons business. With a ready smile and a delivery as smooth as his perfectly bald head, he knew how to woo corporate leaders and Pentagon arms buyers alike.
Gezen was also shrewd. In 2020, after the Army sought to diversify its artillery supplier base by contracting with a small Pennsylvania company, Gezen swooped in and bought that company. That allowed General Dynamics to maintain its stranglehold over the production of metal bodies for the standard American artillery shell, referred to by its caliber: 155 mm. “Firat throws his arm around you and talks to you nicely,” one former Army official said. “But he’s got, like, five things that he’s the sole provider of, and it’s exclusive. He’s got you locked up forever.”

That put General Dynamics in an ideal position. Russia and Ukraine were firing thousands of shells back and forth each day. The United States was a key supplier to Ukraine, but decades of disinvestment had left the U.S. artillery industry emaciated. In March 2022, Congress passed the first in a series of bills allocating billions of dollars for Ukraine-related causes, including boosting artillery production. The next month, President Joe Biden pledged to send shells to Ukraine, and he wanted to move fast. But first someone had to make them.
The 155 mm shell has been a military workhorse for a century, owing to its simple, lethal power. Packed with TNT, the 33-inch cylinder can travel 10 miles when shot out of the barrel of a howitzer and send fragments flying hundreds of feet upon impact. But decades of asymmetric warfare in the Middle East, in which the United States relied largely on drones and bombs, had led some to believe the days of artillery battles were waning. By 2022, General Dynamics was the only producer of 155 mm metal shell bodies in the country, mainly in a century-old facility in Scranton, Pennsylvania.
Given that, the company was an obvious candidate to meet the sudden new demand. General Dynamics could simply replicate Scranton’s traditional manufacturing method, which dated back to the time of the Korean War. But in meetings with Pentagon officials in the fall of 2022, Gezen proposed an alternative: What if the Army funded a state-of-the-art production line that used a promising new technique?

Central to this proposal was a virtual unknown in the world of American defense: Repkon. The company had been operating in its home country of Turkey for decades, providing “turnkey production facilities in the metal forming industry.” (Coincidentally, Gezen himself was born to Turkish parents in the United States.)
But Repkon had never received a Pentagon contract, and certainly not for its signature metalworking process called “flow-forming.” Whereas the Scranton method mainly involves molding ultrahot steel in giant forging presses, Repkon added a step in which a fast-spinning machine squeezes and rolls out the metal like clay on a potter’s wheel. The advantage, Gezen told defense officials, is that the same equipment could produce shells of various calibers. Most important, Repkon had a production line already available, meaning General Dynamics could start making shells faster than if it had to procure traditional equipment piece by piece.
Warning signs abounded. Army officials learned that the production line that Repkon wanted to sell had been designed to produce an older, simpler model of 155 mm shells, which was made with different steel. It wasn’t clear that the Turkish equipment could even work with the steel used to make the newer 155 mm model, as the equipment had never actually produced it, according to four former General Dynamics and Army officials. Repkon said other countries were using the machines to produce the older model. But the Army and General Dynamics could not inspect those active production lines, Repkon told them, citing customer privacy.
The Army could have balked at all of this and insisted on learning more about the capacity of the Repkon machines to perform the desired work. But learning more would’ve taken time, and time seemed in short supply. “There was incredible pressure to go fast,” a former Army official said. Everybody moved forward.
In November 2022, the Army raced to give General Dynamics the first in a series of contract awards for the project that would ultimately be worth nearly $600 million if carried to completion. The next month, Congress granted the DOD extraordinary powers to award money for Ukraine-related causes without the usual contracting safeguards, dropping competitive bidding requirements and restrictions on so-called undefinitized contracting actions. UCAs allow a company to begin work even before finalizing the terms of its contract with the government. One defense executive compared them to “building the airplane as you’re flying it.”
The Army made the most of its expanded powers, awarding General Dynamics a number of UCAs without considering alternate proposals in a competitive bidding process. (The Army told ProPublica it selected the company because of its unique artillery production experience.)
In fact, the Army was so enamored with the proposal that it decided to order even more than Gezen had pitched. Instead of contracting for one Repkon production line, the Army signed up to buy three. Without knowing whether any of them would work.
Gezen had never overseen a project this ambitious. Until then, he had mainly presided over smaller expansions of existing factories that used traditional methods. But he was optimistic it would work. “He’s extremely aggressive, willing to take risks,” one former colleague said.
Some of the Army’s scrutiny of the proposal occurred only after it began awarding contracts for it. The service and General Dynamics sent staffers to Turkey to inspect Repkon’s machinery, but they never inspected a full production line in action and there weren’t enough experts who could spot potential defects in the equipment, four former General Dynamics and Army officials said. Crucially, before greenlighting the deal, the Army did not require General Dynamics to demonstrate that it could use the Repkon equipment to complete the entire production process and make shells that met the Army’s specifications. (The Army told ProPublica that “formal testing could not occur prior to full machinery installation.”)
If the typical contracting safeguards had been in place, perhaps everything that followed could have been prevented. If the Pentagon had been forced to open the project to competitive bidding, it would have had to consider other proposals in a painstaking review process. If restrictions on UCAs had been in effect, the Pentagon would have had to slow down and finalize the terms of the deal before allowing it to proceed, which might have surfaced its fatal flaws.
But one man’s due diligence is another man’s red tape. Soon, Repkon’s flow-forming machines were sailing across the Atlantic, heading eventually for Mesquite.
On May 29, 2024, the mood in Mesquite was triumphant. After two short years of planning, the factory was opening, and defense officials and executives gathered there to celebrate.

“Our nation’s defense relies not only on our soldiers and other servicemembers in uniform but on production facilities like this one,” then-Army Secretary Christine Wormuth told seated dignitaries. She stood at a podium branded with the General Dynamics logo, with two howitzers posed behind her. She thanked the company’s CEO, Phebe Novakovic, and Gezen by name. “It’s a pleasure to highlight the fantastic work you all have done,” she said.
But everything was not as fantastic as it appeared. Artillery shells displayed around the plant that day had been shipped in from elsewhere, three former workers told ProPublica. A worker picked one up and was startled to discover it was fake — seemingly made of plastic. General Dynamics had already failed to perform a scheduled first article test, meant to demonstrate the facility could produce shells that met the Army’s specifications. The facility was supposed to start cranking out shells soon, but machines were barely functioning.
Soon problems seemed to explode out of every corner, according to interviews with 12 former factory workers. For one thing, the flaming robot arms also kept smashing into things. They slammed into computer numerical control machines, breaking their windows and bending their doors. They knocked over shells. They bashed into safety fences. Workers talked about the arms going “rogue” and began calling one of them “Johnny 5” after a sentient military robot from a 1980s movie.
Even simple equipment failed with slapstick regularity, six workers said. Conveyor belts broke down. Automated carts got lost. Safety gates meant to shut down machines when workers approached did not shut down machines when workers approached. A pipe exploded, spraying water up to the ceiling. Parts on Repkon machines deformed, leading a worker to discover that they were made with Chinese steel, possibly in violation of federal regulations. (The Army said it has no evidence of such violations.)

Smoke hung in the air; it rolled off the press machines when robots sprayed them with lubricant. Workers could feel the smoke in their lungs. When they blew their noses after shifts, their mucus was black. A worker complained to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration about a “respirable hazard” at the factory, according to an OSHA record and spokesperson. The agency opened an investigation in October 2024, and an inspector visited the facility. The smoke-spewing press machines were scheduled to be operating on the day of the visit, but for some reason they weren’t running during the inspection, according to four former workers. OSHA issued no penalties, the agency told ProPublica. Staffers started to think it wasn’t just Repkon’s faulty equipment to blame for problems at the factory — it was General Dynamics’ management, too.
The plant could reach Sahara Desert temperatures when the furnaces or presses were on. “This is actually hell,” one worker thought to himself. It was hotter still inside cabinets containing drives that controlled critical machines, where it was regularly 140 degrees, two former workers told ProPublica. An outside inspector warned in an email reviewed by ProPublica that, at that temperature, “you would not only have drives failing but also human lives failing.”
Every day seemed to bring more of the same: another machine broken, another frantic effort to repair it, another batch of misshapen shells tossed into the discard pile. As 2024 became 2025, little seemed to get better.
With so few shells passing inspection stations along the production line, many workers had nothing to do. A cat-and-mouse game ensued. Bored staffers spent endless hours gazing at their phones, leading supervisors to restrict phone use. So workers began bringing crossword books. Managers nixed those. Some workers were seen sleeping, so supervisors took away chairs.
“We sat around twiddling our thumbs, trying to find work, trying to figure out what was going on,” said Natashia Passmore, a former production technician in the plant. “It was a waste of government money, and it was a waste of our time.”
Tension rose between the Americans hired by General Dynamics and Turkish workers sent over by Repkon. The Repkon team was there to install the equipment, but it seemed equally flummoxed by the problems. General Dynamics workers found them evasive. They would give curt responses to questions in English but then be seen holding long, animated conversations in Turkish outside during frequent smoking breaks. A carelessly discarded cigarette butt sparked a real-life dumpster fire, three former workers said.
Repkon was especially secretive about the flow-forming machines, refusing to answer most questions about their operations. General Dynamics workers could tell when Repkon was testing one of them, because they would find metal shards scattered on the floor around it later. The shards looked like alligator teeth. “Oh, the tooth fairy was here,” one worker would think to himself.
Paranoia set in. Repkon refused to share passwords needed to control important equipment, according to five former General Dynamics employees. Sometimes workers would be startled by the sight of a machine moving by itself and realize it was being controlled by someone in Turkey. Spooked, General Dynamics workers tore out hardware to cut off remote access to the machines, two former workers said.
Rumors swirled among the Americans that the Turks were purposefully sabotaging machinery — or perhaps even engaged in some convoluted form of espionage. “It was astonishing how little progress we would make, month after month, year after year,” one former General Dynamics worker said. “People started speculating, ‘I wonder if they’re spying on us.’” General Dynamics assigned someone to shadow the Repkon workers in the factory, two former staffers said. (The Army said it has no evidence of sabotage or spying.)
Even the buildings themselves — a trio of vast, anonymous boxes tucked into the crook of two freeways — were plagued with problems. Walls cracked, and daylight became visible around window frames. Doors began dragging on concrete floors. When it rained, water would flood in — “like a tsunami,” one former worker said. The foundations appeared to be shifting or sinking, six former employees said. It was as if the whole dysfunctional factory — its fires and smoke, its idle workers and haywire machines — was being slowly sucked down into the earth.
Faced with the kaleidoscopic array of problems, the response from General Dynamics managers always seemed to be to plow forward. “Every single time they opened their mouths, it was: ‘We need to get into production,’” one former worker said. “Production is the only thing that mattered.”
As the situation at the factory deteriorated, General Dynamics and the Army told a very different story to the public.
In April 2024, General Dynamics CEO Novakovic told investors: “In the U.S., we are rapidly increasing ammunition production with the opening of our Texas facility.” General Dynamics failed to conduct a scheduled first article test in Mesquite that same month.
That July, two months after the opening ceremony, Novakovic told investors that “the first line is running and producing as we anticipated.” In fact, the first line was not producing any usable shells, six former plant workers told ProPublica.
In September Doug Bush, then the Army’s acquisition czar and a key figure overseeing the project, said “there have been no major delays” to the Army’s goal of producing 100,000 artillery shells each month — a goal for which the Mesquite factory was critical. “Any delays you’ve had have been measured in, I would call them weeks, not months, certainly not years,” Bush told reporters. He downplayed the problems, describing them as merely a matter of adjusting a machine “so that it puts out shells just so, versus a little bit off.”
The next day, a laborer in Mesquite photographed the work of a machine meant to begin giving the shells perfectly smooth noses; it had instead mangled the metal into something that resembled the swirl of soft-serve ice cream.

Also in September, Secretary Wormuth touted the Army’s artillery ramp-up at a conference, saying, “part of what’s enabling that are things like the brand-new plant that we opened up in Mesquite.” One month later, an Army contracting officer sent General Dynamics a letter of concern about its performance at the facility. The company missed the Army’s deadline for completing the first production line one month after that. (Wormuth declined to comment.)
Despite it all, Gezen remained optimistic through the fall of 2024. The issues in Mesquite were mere delays, he thought, and there were plans in place to fix them, according to a person familiar with his thinking. “If Firat’s guilty of something, it’s not wanting to see the truth in the matter,” a former colleague said. He “has a tendency to not want to listen to bad news.” General Dynamics announced Gezen’s retirement in January 2025. Some industry insiders believe he was pushed out in part over Mesquite. (Gezen denied that but declined to sit for an on-the-record interview.)
The split screen of blown deadlines and rosy public comments continued into the second administration of President Donald Trump. In April 2025, General Dynamics missed the completion date for the second production line. That same month, Novakovic told investors, once again: “We are rapidly increasing munitions capacity and production with the opening of our projectile facility in Texas.” The company missed another first article test two months later.
As the failures mounted, a sinking feeling took hold in Army offices. The service assembled a team to assess the situation in the factory, which produced a report that gave little confidence the problems could be fixed. Finally, in June 2025, the Army told General Dynamics it was considering terminating the contract awards for the plant, a defense trade publication reported at the time. Two months later, the service ordered work halted on two of the factory’s three production lines.
But the Army did not unilaterally terminate the contract awards. “A termination for default would’ve taken years through the legal system, because General Dynamics wasn’t going to accept that,” a former Army official told ProPublica. “Nobody wins except the lawyers.”
This would not be the last act of generosity from the Trump administration to General Dynamics. In December 2025, according to the inspector general’s report, the government paid the company $26.3 million in “progress payments” for the second and third production lines in Mesquite, although neither line had ever produced a usable shell.

Two months ago, General Dynamics made an announcement that conjured a sense of déjà vu. To fix the problems at the factory, the company would team up with yet another unheard-of partner promising technological innovation. The solution this time? Artificial intelligence.
A news release from General Dynamics and the new company, Deterrence, was filled with techno-business jargon. “AI-enabled capabilities” and “intelligence and connectivity” would be added at Mesquite and other General Dynamics factories, the companies wrote. “AI transforms production facilities into strategic assets,” Deterrence’s CEO said in the release. “We’re building autonomous manufacturing systems that learn, adapt, and scale in real time.”
These pronouncements have baffled former Mesquite workers. “What are they talking about? There’s nothing to learn or adapt or scale,” one said. “It’s all broken.”
General Dynamics is doing this even as it replaces most of the Repkon equipment with traditional machines like those used in Scranton. How AI will wrest miracles from decades-old technology is unclear. But General Dynamics told investors it expects to be in production next year, and the Army told the inspector general that’ll amount to 20,000 shells a month.
Compared with Repkon, Deterrence is perhaps an even less conventional choice. Deterrence was established just three years ago and has never received a DOD contract. Its website gives no indication it has ever helped to manufacture anything. Its three founders have no prior defense experience. One of them worked at Tesla; the other two created a startup that enabled people to lock and unlock buildings with smartphones. Deterrence did not respond to a request for comment.
General Dynamics also pledged to put $200 million into the project. That’s a small sum for a company that generated more than $50 billion in revenue last year and gave CEO Novakovic a compensation package worth more than $25 million. (Meanwhile, the company furloughed or laid off most of the Mesquite workers.)
The Army says it won’t spend any more money on the project, but it has hardly blackballed General Dynamics. Since the Army shut down work on two production lines in Mesquite one year ago, General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems has received contract awards totaling $2.5 billion, the Army told ProPublica. (The service said this was for “distinct production lines and critical national defense requirements” unrelated to Mesquite.)
Repkon’s American offshoot is now at work setting up a TNT factory after receiving a no-bid contract from the Army worth $435 million. TNT is the primary explosive fill in 155 mm shells. Repkon Turkey’s CEO co-founded the American company, which was originally named Repkon USA. In March, it changed its name to Paligen Technologies. Some interpreted this as an effort to create distance from the Mesquite disaster. Paligen told ProPublica that it and Repkon are “different and wholly separate companies.” Repkon Turkey did not respond to requests for comment.
The one thing that key decision-makers appear to agree on is that they are absolutely not to blame. Gezen, the former General Dynamics executive, told ProPublica that the company and the Army did nothing wrong. In a brief conversation at his apartment door in a ritzy section of Washington, D.C., in May, Gezen maintained his sunny optimism. The Repkon equipment was a good option, and it may still be a good option, he said, holding an iced coffee in one hand and restraining a large dog with his other. In any case, he added, “it was the fastest option available.”
Bush, the Army’s former acquisition chief who had assured reporters there were “no major delays” to increasing artillery production, also declined to be interviewed. In a terse conversation in May, peering out from his half-closed front door in Northern Virginia, he told ProPublica: “All of this was done through appropriate procedures.”
Others who were involved, speaking on the condition of anonymity, engaged in mutual finger-pointing: The White House demanded too much too fast, Repkon and General Dynamics overpromised, the Army didn’t perform due diligence and Congress underwrote the whole thing.
The United States still is not close to producing the promised 100,000 shells per month, a former Army official told ProPublica in June, although other investments to increase 155 mm production have turned out better. Ukraine still needs those shells, the official said, but attention has once again shifted. In the Middle East, it’s other munitions that the Trump administration has rapidly burned through during its war with Iran. Trump officials are now calling for ramping up production in those areas — and fast.
“Conventional ammo is back on the back burner,” the official said. “Everything now is about interceptors, missiles.”
General Dynamics makes components for those too.
The post Fiasco in the Factory: Taxpayers Funded a $533 Million Artillery Plant That Made Nothing appeared first on ProPublica.
Nature, Published online: 11 August 2026; doi:10.1038/d41586-026-02451-2
Publicly available AI models and local infrastructure can reduce AI’s environmental footprint while giving researchers greater control over the tools they use.Nature, Published online: 11 August 2026; doi:10.1038/d41586-026-02451-2
Publicly available AI models and local infrastructure can reduce AI’s environmental footprint while giving researchers greater control over the tools they use.Content
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Bitonyx is supports Windows Operating System, as well as MacOS and Linux. In order to run Bitonyx be sure to check the technical specifications of the computer that you would like to run Bitonyx on. GRT fell from £0.44 in January 2022 to £0.06 (-86%) in December, while AGIX fell from £0.14 to £0.03 (-78%). Cold wallets are arguably more secure than hot wallets, since hackers can’t target them as easily. However, if you lose your login details for your cold wallet, you won’t get the support regaining access to your keys that you’d get with a hot wallet.
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They can be spent or traded, but they’re not issued by central banks or stored in traditional financial institutions. You should always check with the product provider to ensure that information provided is the most up to date. AI algorithms must be developed, tested, and monitored carefully to ensure their effectiveness. Get stock recommendations, portfolio guidance, and more from The Motley Fool’s premium services.
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Render allows artists to harness the computing power necessary to render computer graphics from crypto miners who are willing to rent out their graphics processing units (GPUs). The Graph is a protocol for indexing and querying – data from blockchains in a similar way that Google indexes and queries data from websites. Indexing blockchain data can be challenging, but The Graph aims to change that by organising data into smaller ‘subgraphs’.
Are the reviews generally positive, or are there common complaints? Remember, no bot is perfect, but persistent negative reviews about the same issues can be a red flag. Once a strategy is set, you can run it automatically or manually, depending on your preferences. The platform also offers tools to track and analyze trade performance and sends alerts and notifications to keep you informed about your trades. Reports initially surfaced earlier this week, claiming that Bybit, an exchange based
It has an internal marketplace where users can browse and pay for AI services in the platform’s native cryptocurrency – AGIX. Finally, an obvious benefit to bot trading or AI trading is that these computer systems can run 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Moreover, while it is relatively easy to provide parameters for risk management, AI struggles to use these parameters in a way that makes sense considering the volatility.
As such we may earn a commision when you make a purchase after following a link from our website. These connections can be further enhanced with the use of application programming interfaces (APIS) and other tools and developments. Stay one step ahead with real-time alerts on market pumps & dumps and unusual volume activities. This makes them stay in a trade too long out of an irrational attachment to the company or digital asset when exiting is the best strategy. Cryptocurrency volatility is currently not what it was, with major currencies like bitcoin and Ethereum up 50 and 30 percent respectively year to date, trading volumes remain historically low. These models are characterized by their large size and enabled by AI accelerators which process vast amounts of data through data scraping from the Internet.
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The advanced and professional plans cost $24.50 and $49.50 respectively. KuCoin is totally free to use, except for the trading fee, which you will pay when you trade coins on the exchange. Bitonyx connects to different exchanges, including Binance, Bittrex, Gemini, Kraken, Bitfinex, BitMEX, and Bitstamp.
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It is worthwhile to learn about the different types of crypto trading fees before setting on your quest to find the best platform offering free crypto trading. In searching for the best crypto platform for you – think about your level of experience. That is to say, if you are trading digital currencies for the first time, it’s crucial to pick a provider that offers a burden-free user – experience. The above example illustrates the issue of choosing a platform that doesn’t have enough liquidity. Crucially, you won’t be able to buy or sell your chosen crypto at a favorable price – as there isn’t enough capital on the platform to cover your trade. All of the best crypto exchanges discussed today are home to large levels of liquidity – especially eToro and Binance.
Supported payment methods at Libertex include debit/credit cards and e-wallets. On top of digital currencies, the broker also supports stocks, indices, commodities, forex, ETFs, and more. Then, it’s just a case of choosing a cryptocurrency to buy, entering your stake, and confirming the order. For example, debit/credit card deposits cost 3.99% and trading commission is set at 1.49% for all orders over $200.
Huobi Wallet is a non-custodial wallet where users have complete control over their assets and offer a fast trading process. The two versions Huobi Pro and Huobi OTC, are devised explicitly for advanced and beginner traders, respectively. A Hong Kong-based exchange, KuCoin is relatively new in the market but is considered as a highly safe platform.
Erika Rasure is globally-recognized as a leading consumer economics subject matter expert, researcher, and educator. She is a financial therapist and transformational coach, with a special interest in helping women success rate learn how to invest. Exchanges have different requirements, often depending on the type of cryptocurrency you want to buy. As you can see from the image below, we are buying $25 worth of Bitcoin commission-free.
Kraken is a professional platform for investors to buy Ethereum, Bitcoin, and other digital currencies. Touted as one of the most reliable crypto exchanges, Kraken has deep liquidity across its 222 coins and 96 derivative markets. A simple user interface enables beginners to purchase crypto using fiat currencies, including USD, GBP, EUR, and AUD. Additionally, there are plenty of deposit methods for users in different countries to open an account for as little as $10. Some crypto trading platforms will offer heaps of markets, while others focus on a select few. For example, in the case of Coinmama, the platform only supports 8 digital currencies.
It also has a more bare-boned trading interface called Gemini Active Trader with lower rates than Coinbase Pro. Another bonus is that the assets don’t need to be transferred from one platform to the other the way traders have to do on Coinbase. Traders can switch from Gemini to Gemini Active Trader within the Settings dropdown menu, and all of their assets will follow. Coinbase does offer more competitive rates on its Coinbase Pro platform, but it’s tricky to navigate for beginners.
If there’s not a lot of volume and you put an order in, that’s called slippage. You could end up buying at a higher price or selling at a lower price than you’d want. The availability of coins alone isn’t sufficient if there are no trades happening. You’ll ideally want to verify that there’s sufficient trading volume in your target coins to ensure liquidity, so you can easily trade your coins and dollars. As crypto has grown more popular and valuable, it’s become a big large target for hackers. Leading exchanges like Binance and KuCoin have been hacked, resulting in tens of millions of dollars in losses.
Then, it’s just a case of entering your card details and deciding how much you wish to invest. If you need to contact support, the Kraken customer support line is available to use 24/7 every day of the year. This means that you will never be left alone with any issues that you may have.
That’s because transaction fees are often lower on DeFi exchanges, and fraudsters are aiming to attract as many investors to the tokens they’re trading as possible. Note that you may have to pay the network fee even when using a no-fee crypto exchange or any free crypto trading platform. Traders today are spoiled for choice when it comes to crypto trading platforms.
Celsius Network is a fast-growing app that isn’t actually a trading exchange itself. It’s a platform where crypto investors can transfer over their digital currencies to earn as much as 14% in annual interest. There are now more than a million users with over $28 billion in assets on the platform.
Or, you can withdraw your coins out to a private Bitcoin wallet of your choosing. You can get this commission reduced even further by holding Binance Coin – which is the cryptocurrency native to the Binance platform. As such, Binance is also a good option if you have your eyes on a number of small altcoins that you wish to invest in, like Shiba Inu, IOTA, Dash Coin, CAKE, KAVA, Digibyte, OMI, and Monero. It’s also an excellent starting point if you’re looking for an NFT platform. This starts at just 0.10% – meaning that a $1,000 order could cost you $1 in fees.
Additionally, traders have access to a comprehensive FAQ section and 24/7 support for any questions or problems. If you decide to keep your coins at Binance, the platform keeps the vast majority of client funds in cold storage. This is a reserve insurance pot to cover clients in the unfortunate event the platform was hacked. Furthermore, Kraken offers a range of educational materials that make it easy for users to navigate the platform and make informed trading decisions. What makes Kraken stand out from the rest is that the exchange offers a large variety of cryptos and you can get started for just $10. This makes it a great choice for those who are looking to split their funds between different tokens or start trading with small amounts of capital.
Not only is Luno great for simplicity, but the app allows you to trade cryptocurrency in a low-cost manner. Although fees will ultimately depend on your country of residence, bank transfer deposits are typically fee-free. You will also benefit from a market taker commission of just 0.10% per slide – and even less if you find yourself trading larger volumes.
This means you’ll need to enter a unique code every time you log in to your account – which you’ll acquire from your mobile device. Coinbase gives you the option of setting up a 48-hour time-lock on withdrawals, should you want to add an extra layer of security. Coinbase is also one of the best Dogecoin trading platforms in the crypto sphere.
In this guide, we review the Best Cryptocurrency Trading Platform for 2021 and walk you through the required steps to get started with an account today. In conclusion, we found that eToro is by far the best crypto trading platform in the retail investment market. The provider – which is regulated by three bodies, allows you to trade cryptocurrencies commission-free. The minimum stake is just $25 and the provider allows you to instantly deposit funds with a debit/credit card or e-wallet.
For example, the likes of eToro, Capital.com, and Libertex are authorized and regulated by several reputable financial bodies. User verification can take from a few minutes up to several days depending on the exchange and the level of verification required. Exchanges often offer tiered verification levels, with lower tiers requiring less information. Lower – verification tiers, however, usually come with lower deposit and withdrawal limits. We chose Cash App as our top pick among Bitcoin-only exchanges as it allows you to seamlessly and securely buy, sell, and store Bitcoin from your smartphone. Moreover, Kraken has limited funding options, with wire transfers being the primary payment method for Kraken users.
While U.S. users can access and use the trading platform, KuCoin is not licensed in the U.S. The best crypto platforms that we reviewed offer an abundance of educational resources. This is really useful for those of you that have little to no experience in the crypto trading scene. If you like the sound of automated crypto trading, we would argue that you are best off using the Copy Trading feature offered by eToro. In doing so, you’ll get to choose a successful crypto trader that uses eToro – based on past performance and average monthly return. Then, you can copy the trade like-for-like in a fully transparent and regulated environment.
In this way, users may be able to take advantage of potential price appreciation, while the exchange simultaneously benefits from usage. Since you cannot completely get rid of fees anyway, the next best option is to find yourself a crypto exchange with the lowest fees. Zero-commission stock and trading platforms made some good strides in this aspect, but the platform has of late found itself at the receiving end of multiple unwarranted developments. As the names suggest, deposit and withdrawal fees are fees that crypto exchanges charge when users deposit and withdraw funds, respectively.
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Haasbot’s use of technical indicators enhances its appeal to traders. These features provide valuable insights into market trends and help users make informed decisions while minimizing losses and maximizing profits. TradeSanta offers popular strategies like Grid and DCA (dollar cost averaging) to cater to different market conditions and user preferences.
Crypto exchanges reviewed by NerdWallet generally have no account minimums, which means you’re free to create an account and look around without spending a dime. A number of cash and peer-to-peer payment apps now allow users to buy and sell Bitcoin. On balance, these apps are more limited in what they offer than the exchanges and brokers above. Whether you’re a casual trader, a python guru or a complete beginner, Trality provides a comprehensive array of user-friendly tools to help you trade faster, smarter, and more profitably. Below is an overview of some of the most important benefits to be gained from using automated trading.
Computers give traders the power to automate their moves and take all the emotion out of the deal. By using automated trading software, you can set parameters for potential trades, allocate capital and open or close positions all while you sleep or watch TV. Gainium’s pre-built granimator trading bots are designed to generate profits in any market condition. In addition, beginner-friendly features like copy and paper trading make it more accessible for beginners. It offers multiple trading bots to put your spot trading and futures on autopilot.
And if you want to customize your own trading algorithm, you can do that too with the Strategy Editor, which, like the crypto builder, uses a drag-and-drop interface for ease of use. If you’re unsure about a trading strategy, CryptoHero allows you to perform backtesting using historical market data. This helps you see how your strategy would have performed under different market conditions, giving you more confidence in your decisions. Through their Affiliate Program, users can earn a commission every month as long as their customers stay active. CryptoHopper works closely with exchanges and authorities to ensure account security, and they offer top-notch security measures to protect user data. Also, relying on one AI program to do everything in the crypto market has a risk – programs have limits to what they can predict.
Even short periods of down time can result in missed profits when you rely on a cryptocurrency trading bot. Experience fast automated trading, and portfolio management for Bitcoin, Ethereum, Cardano and 100+ other cryptocurrencies. Serious crypto traders can take advantage of Learn2Trade when they want to make the most of their portfolio and get a little bit more than signals. The advanced crypto trading bot from Learn2Trade will automate your investments and use information on live market conditions to help you.
And, the programs which use algorithms to trade are crypto trading bots. The safety of automated crypto trading depends on the system design and whether trades are regularly monitored. However, they cannot simply be set and forgotten, expecting them to tackle market volatility and spare traders from losses perfectly. They may, however, be a reliable tool that can ease cryptocurrency trading journeys by optimizing processes and allowing 24/7 hassle-free trading.
Whether you are an experienced trader or a beginner, Gainium caters to your needs. You can create and test your trading strategies or utilize the existing trading bots on the platform. Gainium also offers advanced features for technical traders, such – as webhooks and APIs for external integration. Crypto trading bots have been designed to overcome any physical or computational limitations that we as humans have. Bots monitor prices continually, never tire, have no emotions, and move quickly.
Outside of the free plan, the Starter Plan, Advanced Plan and Pro Plan will cost you $22, $37, and $75 per month, respectively. Each plan comes with its own benefits and limitations, so the one that you go for will depend on your individual goals. What we really like about the design interface at Cryptohopper is that the platform also allows beginners to build their own bot. Pionex features low trading commissions and a fully fleshed-out mobile app.
Gekko is a 100% free open-source programmable cryptocurrency trading bot that you can download from GitHub and run on your own machine. The software can be installed on all machines including Raspberry PI and on all major operating systems such as Windows, macOS, and Linux. GunBot is a well-fit trading terminal and cryptocurrency trading bot for those who want to automate their Bitcoin trading, with lifelong desktop software and license. Automated cryptotrading with AI would benefit greatly if blockchains were able to connect and share data with the programs that are managing the trading process. This would create smoother automated trading execution on platforms, including handheld devices. The crypto markets trade 24/7, so at any point in time, millions of traders are actively monitoring or trading positions.
These connections can be further enhanced with the use of application programming interfaces (APIS) and other tools and developments. Traders would then be offered the additional advantage of having straight-through-processing of execution. The alternative is the slower and operationally more risky process of executing trades manually. Endor is a leading firm in this department and has been conducting tests and research to improve these tools.
Ideally, you will want the bot to be supported by as many exchanges as possible. This will ultimately increase your chances of profiting from a potential disparity in pricing between one or more exchange platforms. As we have already discussed the ins and outs of arbitrage trading in the context of an automated Bitcoin bot, we won’t expand on this any further. However, it is important to note that most third-party cryptocurrency bots allow you to program the software to detect potential opportunities.
Stoic charges an upfront annual fee of 5% of assets on your account, and if you start with the minimum account balance of $1,000, you’ll need to pay $50. The customers of this platform seem to be satisfied with its offering, and it is quite unique in its pricing model as the features aren’t split into multiple tiers, just one. It has support for over 25 cryptocurrency brokerages, including Binance, OKEX, KuCoin, Kraken, FTX, Coinbase Pro, and others. The main drawbacks real users have experienced are with the support team and withdrawal issues. A crypto exchange is, very basically, a place where you can purchase a cryptocurrency using either cash or another kind of digital asset. The scoring formulas take into account multiple data points for each financial product and service.
This platform is one of those unique secrets within the crypto world, and if implemented the right way it can provide priceless value for experienced traders for many years to come. The most important thing is to first define what type of automation you are looking for because trading bots and automation comes in many different forms. Trading financial products carries a high risk to your capital, particularly – when engaging in leveraged transactions such as CFDs. It is important to note that between 74-89% of retail investors lose money when trading CFDs. These products may not be suitable for everyone, and it is crucial that you fully comprehend the risks involved. Prior to making any decisions, carefully assess your financial situation and determine whether you can afford the potential risk of losing your money.
For serious traders using Cryptohopper, we suggest the Hero package, however, beginners can do just well with Explorer, and note that there is a Free 7-day trial as well. However, this article doesn’t promise that you will generate millions the same way as the big institutions. This is obviously because trading is risky, and many of these large companies actually spent a lot of money and resources on different trading algorithms and systems. The crypto and digital asset trading features are particularly useful for crypto funds and crypto brokers. As part of the balances UI, Algotrader provides a full integration with the Fireblocks API to show balances of different wallet & account types supported by Fireblocks.
It allows for rapid, precise decision-making and can operate 24/7, capitalizing on opportunities humans might miss. It relies heavily on the quality of the bot, the trading strategy it uses, and the volatility and unpredictability of the markets. Therefore, while bot trading can enhance efficiency and profitability, it should be used alongside a well-considered trading strategy and risk management plan. In addition to the crypto builder, Kryll has a unique offering called the Marketplace. This feature can be incredibly helpful for those who are new to crypto trading or those who are simply looking for new strategies to implement. A selling point of Haasbot is its ability to operate 24/7, providing traders with constant market monitoring and trading opportunities.
Although many models and programs claim to be accurate, it takes top-quality software — at a high price — to get the best results. AI has been around for decades, but there is still lots of progress being made. As a result, those developers and programmers who believe they’ve found a ‘secret sauce’ offer their AI products in return for a fee.
You will want a bot with a straightforward, user-friendly interface if you’re a beginner. Active support can be invaluable, especially if you’re new to crypto trading bots. While it comes with a monthly subscription fee, the value delivered, especially for active traders, is well worth the investment. Even if you’re averse to centralized exchanges, keep an eye on Coinrule; it’s a vanguard platform pushing the envelope in automated crypto trading. Another reason to use a crypto trading bot is to diversify your crypto holdings in a strategic way.
NerdWallet does not and cannot guarantee the accuracy or applicability of any information in regard to your individual circumstances. Examples are hypothetical, and we encourage you to seek personalized advice from qualified professionals regarding specific investment issues. Our estimates are based on past market performance, and past performance is not a guarantee of future performance.
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Cryptowatch is a data aggregator which pulls API data from at least 25 crypto exchanges spanning over 4,000 markets. Kraken is another San Francisco-based crypto exchange launched in 2013 by Jesse Powell. It now also supports most of the leading conventional currencies such as the US Dollar and the British Pound. In this guide, we will consider what makes a good cryptocurrency exchange. You will also learn how to choose a trading platform and which exchanges in the market are ideal for your particular situation. Since different platforms offer different features, products, and services, it’s worth considering what matters to you and which exchange can provide it.
This is handy in the event you think a particular digital currency is overvalued and thus – you wish to profit from this. But it’s now valued at around $1.6 billion as the crypto ecosystem has fallen back down artificial intelligence to earth and interest and trading volumes in the industry have waned. Crypto.com was also forced to deny that it was in financial difficulty after FTX, a former large crypto player, went bust in November 2022.
Bitmart’s platform enables spot and futures trading on dozens of cryptocurrencies and trading pairs, or combinations that can be traded with each other, according to a Cryptopedia article. A recent Investopedia article called BitMart the top exchange for altcoin. Bitflyer, based in Tokyo, claims the top spot in Bitcoin trading volume in Japan for six years running. The site offers trading on a variety of currencies, including Bitcoin and Ethereum.
This influences which products we write about and where and how the product appears on a page. For new traders, there are Gordon bots which are standard DCA bots with prior setups. With Grid bots 3Commas ensures that the bot automatically creates a price range and breaks down the analysis into multiple levels. It is implemented with enhanced security measures and this is the reason for its undoubted growth. In September 2022, the platform raised a fund worth $37 Million from Alameda Research.
Firstly, it is home to a huge number of crypto trading markets, which includes hundreds of pairs. This includes major pairs like BTC/USDT and BTC/ETH, but many micro-cap markets, too. Coinbase is also a popular crypto trading platform to invest in Bitcoin as it has a great reputation. Launched way back in 2012, the platform offers some of the best security controls in the industry.
Our partners cannot pay us to guarantee favorable reviews of their products or services. NerdWallet, Inc. is an independent publisher and comparison service, not an investment advisor. Its articles, interactive tools and other content are provided to you for free, as self-help tools and for informational purposes only. NerdWallet does not and cannot guarantee the accuracy or applicability of any information in regard to your individual circumstances.
When it comes to supported markets, Gemini is home to 20+ cryptocurrencies. This means that Americans can now use the eToro platform to safely and legally buy cryptocurrencies (but not trade CFDs). When it comes to getting started, eToro accounts usually take less than 10 minutes to open.
A simple user interface enables beginners to purchase crypto using fiat currencies, including USD, GBP, EUR, and AUD. Additionally, there are plenty of deposit methods for users in different countries to open an account for as little as $10. In conclusion, we found that eToro is by far the best crypto trading platform in the retail investment market. The provider – which is regulated by three bodies, allows you to trade cryptocurrencies commission-free. The minimum stake is just $25 and the provider allows you to instantly deposit funds with a debit/credit card or e-wallet. While this illustrates that the provider offers a good service, this might not be the case regarding customer support.
Founded in 2015 by the Winklevoss twins, Gemini is another reputable exchange that prioritises regulatory compliance. It is available in all 50 states of the U.S. and is known for its strong commitment to meeting U.S. regulatory standards. Gemini focuses on Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, Ethereum, Litecoin, and Zcash, making it suitable for those interested in these popular cryptocurrencies.
The trading platforms are divided into centralized and decentralized exchanges. Centralized exchanges (CEX) involve the third party which controls the account to carry out a trade. In contrast, decentralized exchanges (DEX) do not require any central authority, and they enable peer-to-peer trade, bringing buyers and sellers together.
Crypto.com is a platform that not only allows users to trade cryptocurrencies but also provides unique perks and rewards for its Visa Card users. This exchange offers a good selection of cryptocurrencies to trade and aims to create a seamless experience for both beginners and experts. With its user-friendly interface and various features, Crypto.com has gained popularity among traders. Trading and holding Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies are taxable assets under the US Federal laws.
If you don’t already have access to some digital coins, you will need to choose a provider that supports fiat currency deposits. It is important to note that even the top cryptocurrency trading platforms charge handsomely for funding your account with a debit or credit card. EToro, founded in 2007, is a social trading and investment platform with 25 million users in 140 countries and stands eighth among the best cryptocurrency exchanges and apps in the US in 2023. It offers diverse financial asset trading, including cryptocurrencies, stocks, and commodities, featuring a unique copy trading system. EToro’s crypto exchange boasts a user-friendly interface and comprehensive educational resources. Known for innovative tools and social trading, it ranked among the top cryptocurrency exchanges in May 2023.
There are no deposit fees, but there is a withdrawal fee that depends on the crypto asset. However, Bitget is also quite a popular destination for spot trading — more so now that the exchange – has launched a zero trading fee campaign. Based on our initial observation, the campaign does indeed look impactful, as it enables traders to save substantial amounts in fees.
The platform offers an easy-to-use interface and emphasises security measures to protect users’ funds. Check the website to find out what communication methods are available to support users that need troubleshooting advice or assistance on the exchange. Some crypto exchanges will provide comprehensive FAQ’s and How-To-Guides which are useful for beginners.
After logging into your account, search by company name or ‘ticker’ to select the share you want to buy. Fidelity is a good all-rounder and its non-tiered platform fee may appeal to investors with higher-value portfolios. Fidelity offers a good level of customer support, with telephone help available six days a week and our call was answered almost immediately.
Different platforms offer varying selections of cryptocurrencies available for trading. If you have specific altcoins in mind that you want to trade, ensure that the platform supports those particular cryptocurrencies. Research the supported cryptos on each platform to ensure they align with your investment goals. For expert traders in the cryptocurrency world, having access to advanced features and a wide range of coins is essential. Two platforms that stand out for their offerings to expert traders are KuCoin and Coinbase.
DEX users have different needs from CEX users because the typical DEX user is a more advanced crypto user, pays more attention to privacy issues, and is more aware of their needs. So far, we have considered centralized exchanges and which are the best according to various criteria. This section will look into the leading decentralized platform for trading crypto.
When it comes to regulation and safety, eToro does everything by the book. Not only is the platform regulated by the FCA (UK), ASIC (Australia), and CySEC (Cyprus), but it is also registered – with FINRA. Her work has appeared in numerous publications including TheStreet, Mansion Global, CNN, CNN Money, DNAInfo, Yahoo! Finance, MSN Money and the New York Daily News.
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İstilik kombi ilə təmin olunur. Binanın altı 4 metrlik qarajdır. Binanın qapalı həyəti var, yay vaxtı təhlükəsizlik üçün maşınlar içəri buraxılmır. Binanın həyətində uşaqlrı … TƏCİLİ DƏYƏRİNDƏN ÇOX UCUZ QİYMƏTƏ SATILIR!!!
Logi Group MMC İT autsorsinq şirkətidir. Serverlərin, şəbəkələrin və təhlükəsizlik sistemlərinin qurulması xidmətlərini göstərir. Fəaliyət göstərdiyimiz illər ərzində şirkətimiz informasiya sistemlərinin qurulması və idarə olunması üzrə zəngin peşəkar biliklər və təcrübə əldə etmişdir ki, bu da bizə öz müştərilərimizə geniş çeşidli xidmətlər təklif etməyə imkan yaradır. Məqsədimiz, təşkilatlarda biznes proseslərin stabilliyini, təhlükəsizliyini təmin edən və effektivliyini artıran faydalı IT xidmətlər göstərməkdir. 28 may metrosunun tam çıxışında elit təbəqəli yeni binanın 12-ci mərtəbəsində sahəsi 172kvm qanuni 4 otaqlı əla təmirli mənzil əşyalarla birlikdə satılır.
Bağa kimi asfalt çəkilib. Qiymətdə endirim olunacaq. Xalqlar metrosu, kontakt home arxasında yerləşən 9 mərtəbəli binanın 9-cu mərtəbəsində yerləşən qanuni 5 otaqlı mənzil satılır.
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Mənzilin açaıq eyvanıda var. Həsən Bəy Zərdabi küç. 20 Yanvar metrosuna yaxın yerləşən 20 mərtəbəli binanın 4-cü mərtəbəsində ümumi sahəsi 45 kvmetr olan 2 otağa düzəlmə – əla təmirli mənzil satılır.Əşyalar mənzildə qalacaq.(televizor,soyuducu və paltaryuyandan başqa)Yatırım üçün də əlverişlidir aylıq 500 azn kirayə vermək mümkündür.
Real alıcılar əlavə məlumat üçün zəng vurun. Ofisin xidmət haqqı 1 faizdir Satıcı tipini seçmək üçün sistmə daxil olmaq lazımdır
Xırdalan şəhəri Heydər Əliyev prospektində yerləşən Köhnə Bazarla üzbə-üz olan 16 mərtəbəli binanın 15-ci mərtəbəsində sahəsi 55kv.m olan – 2 otaqlıya düzəlmə əla təmirli mənzil. Mənzilin işlək kombi sistemi var və KUPÇALIDIR. Mənzildə mətbəxtə və otaqlara ayrı pəncərə düşür.
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Aylıq komendant ödənişə daxildir. Xətai Rayonu, Həzi Aslanov Metrosunun yanında Yeni Tikili 17 Mərtəbəli Binanın 4-cü Mərtəbəsində 3 otaqlı 148 kv/m sahəsi olan mənzil satılır. Mənzil tam təmirlidir. Mənzilin təmirində yüksək keyfiyyətli materiallardan istfadə olunmuşdur. Mənzildə İstilik sistemi kombidir, Döşəmə parkettir, Skvaznoydur ( Yelçəkən ) Qaz su işıq daimidir, sənəd KUPÇA-ÇIXARIŞ. Mənzil ipotekaya yararlıdır.
Bütün infrastrukturlar və iaşə obyektləri yaxınlıqda yerləşir Məktəb, Bağça, Market və s. Binanın 2 sürətli lifti, 24/7 Mühafizə sistemi, Avtomobillər üçün geniş parking mövcuddur. Əlavə məlumat üçün əlaqə saxlaya bilərsiniz + Whatsapp aktivdir. Yeni Günəşlidə D massivində 9 mərtəbəli binanın 1-ci mərtəbəsində, 2 otaqlı yaxşı təmirli mənzil satılır. Sənədi Kupça, Çıxarışdır.
Zal ilə otaqın arası açılaraq 4 otaqlıya çevrilib və zal böyüdülüb. Lift daim problemsiz işliyir. Daimi mostbet montiyor nəzarətindədir. Mənzil tam təmirlidir və əşyalarla birlikdə satılır. SƏnəd Çıxarış(kupça).
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La sesta puntata, intitolata«Emergenze», è la prima registrata live, in un luogo all'aperto, il parco di Villa Angeletti a Bologna. Lì, giovedì 7 maggio, Wu Ming 1 si è incontrato con Wolf Bukowski, saggista e scrittore, autore di diversi libri tra cui l'ultimo in ordine cronologico, «La buona educazione degli oppressi», Alegre, 2019).
La conversazione tra Bukowski e WM1è incentrata sui temi del «panico morale», delle politiche securitarie nelle città e dell'emergenza perenne come metodo di governo nell'epoca neoliberista. Si parte da una comparazione tra il Satanic Panic negli USA degli anni '80 e la campagna sulla «Tolleranza Zero» durante il mandato di Rudy Giuliani come sindaco di New York (1993-2001). Si prosegue attualizzando quelle linee, sempre con un occhio a quanto appena successo con l'emergenza-pandemia.
Nelle puntate di quest'audioserie Wu Ming 1, autore di«La Q di Qomplotto. QAnon e dintorni: come le fantasie di complotto difendono il sistema» (Edizioni Alegre, 2021), sviluppa i temi del suo nuovo libro confrontandosi con interlocutori e interlocutrici, persone citate nel libro stesso e/o la cui influenza e il cui aiuto sono stati importanti.
Il 4 giugno 2019, alla Biblioteca dell’Archiginnasio di Bologna, alle h.17, si è il convegno «Vent’anni di Q: sul rapporto tra ricerca storica e narrativa». C'eravamo noi in formazione completa –quella originale, ossia i quattro autori di Q, Luca/Wu Ming 3 compreso – e, soprattutto, due dei più importanti storici europei degli ultimi cinquant’anni (almeno): Adriano Prosperi e Carlo Ginzburg.
Abbiamo già scritto molte volte di come le ricerche di Prosperi e Ginzburg, individuali e congiunte, siano state fondamentali per immaginare e scrivere fabula e intreccio di Q. Ebbene, pare che dopo tanti anni abbiamo «restituito il favore», chiudendo un cerchio: anche grazie al ventennale di Q si è da poco fatta una scoperta archivistica importante, della quale nel convegno si è reso conto. Ed è così che, nella storia di questo romanzo e del suo ventennale, si incontrano nel modo più virtuoso e fecondo possibile le due dimensioni che da sempre cerchiamo di tenere insieme: l’archivio e la strada.