NASA is playing an important role in JAXA’s (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) MMX (Martian Moons eXploration) mission, to advance our understanding of Mars’ moons and build on the agency’s long history of exploring the Red Planet.

The mission aims to characterize and determine the origin of Mars’ moons Phobos and Deimos and deliver a sample of Phobos to Earth. The MMX spacecraft is targeting launch from JAXA’s Tanegashima Space Center in Japan at 3:41 p.m. EDT on Monday, Oct. 19 (4:41 a.m. JST on Tuesday, Oct. 20).

“The samples from MMX will bring forth paradigm-shifting science on the Mars system for generations to come, especially as NASA prepares to send the first humans to Mars,” said Nicky Fox, associate administrator, Science Mission Directorate, NASA Headquarters in Washington. “The NASA-JAXA sample curation partnership is extremely valuable, and I am proud that NASA Science is supporting MMX sample curation and will be sharing portions of these samples for study as we continue to expand humanity’s understanding of the universe for the benefit of all.”

NASA’s contributions to the mission include the Mars-moon Exploration with Gamma rays and Neutrons (MEGANE) spectrograph instrument, the Pneumatic Sampler (P-Sampler) technology demonstration, and communications and navigation support from the agency’s Deep Space Network, as well as funding United States scientists participating on the MMX science team.

Scientists have long debated the origin of Mars’ two moons. The data and samples collected by the MMX mission will help answer essential questions about the origins of these moons and the history of the solar system.

“Phobos and Deimos may be the remains of a massive impact on Mars that sent material into orbit around the planet, or they could be ancient asteroids that were captured by Mars’ gravity billions of years ago,” said Tom Statler, MMX program executive and program scientist at NASA Headquarters. “Having the answer will help illuminate that early era when Earth and the other inner planets may have been acquiring much of their water and organic compounds.”

The MEGANE (pronounced meh-GAH-nay, the Japanese word for eyeglasses) spectrograph will help scientists “see” what Phobos is made of by measuring neutrons and gamma rays emitted from the moon’s surface and determining its chemical elemental composition, which will provide important clues about its origin.

Mounted on one of the spacecraft’s landing legs, the P-Sampler is designed to collect a ground sample from Phobos. The system gathers surface material using bursts of high-pressure nitrogen gas, complementing JAXA’s C-Sampler, which will extract cores from a few inches deeper. NASA will obtain and curate about 15% of the total returned sample at the agency’s Johnson Space Center Astromaterials Lab in Houston, making it available for research for decades.

Another key part of NASA’s contribution to MMX is its scientific partnership with JAXA. NASA-supported researchers are working alongside international colleagues to help reveal the story of Phobos and will use mission data and returned samples to uncover new clues about the moon’s origin and the evolution of the Mars system.

The MMX spacecraft will arrive at Mars in August 2027 to begin its survey of the Red Planet’s two moons. After surveying Phobos in detail, the spacecraft will collect a sample of the moon’s surface no earlier than December 2028 and deliver it to Earth in 2031.

The MEGANE instrument was developed by the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory. Honeybee Robotics, a Blue Origin company, developed the spacecraft’s pneumatic sampler mechanism. NASA’s contributions to the MMX mission were developed under the agency’s Discovery Program. The Discovery Program is managed by NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, for the agency’s Science Mission Directorate in Washington.

For more information about the MMX mission, visit:

https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mmx

Karen Fox / Alana Johnson
Headquarters, Washington
240-285-5155 / 202-672-4780
karen.c.fox@nasa.gov / alana.r.johnson@nasa.gov

A phenomenon rarer than a solar eclipse and more powerful than any single storm system is unfolding this fall, and NASA is tracking it closely.

El Niño is a natural climate pattern that emerges roughly every two to seven years marked by warmer-than-normal water temperatures in parts of the equatorial Pacific. NASA scientists are keeping watch as it flips trade winds, redistributes ocean heat, scrambles rain patterns, and raises sea surface height across parts of the Pacific.

As of October, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has said that there’s an 83% chance that the strongest El Niño since 1950 is currently unfolding. People around the world, including farmers, firefighters, and coastal communities, are already experiencing the effects in different ways.

Follow along with these maps as NASA tracks El Niño from its epicenter in the equatorial Pacific Ocean.

Sea surface height in flux 

One of the first clues appeared in satellite imagery in January 2026, when a swell of warm water called a Kelvin wave was spotted near Micronesia in the western Pacific. Kelvin waves are slow-moving pulses of water thousands of miles long. Like underwater freeways, they transfer heat from west to east across the Pacific. The warm water heats the air directly above it, making it rise. The change in air pressures weakens or even reverses the trade winds that typically blow in the opposing direction, from the Americas toward Asia, causing sea levels in the eastern Pacific to rise further, and waters to warm even more. This chain reaction signifies the start of an El Niño.

The map above shows that by early April, those Kelvin waves had reached the eastern Pacific, and sea surface temperatures had begun to warm. Warm water expands in volume, elevating local sea levels in some areas by as much as 1 to 1.3 feet (30 to 40 centimeters). The higher-than-normal water can be seen sloshing toward South America then moving up the coast to California. Sea levels that are six to eight inches (15 to 20 centimeters) lower than normal are visible around Indonesia and northern Australia.

“Kelvin waves are like the heartbeat of El Niño,” said Josh Willis, project scientist for sea level missions at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California. “And our sea level satellites let us peer into the ocean and watch every beat.”

Scientists have used satellite altimetry to track the height of the ocean with ultraprecision since 1993. That unbroken data record continues today with the Sentinel-6 satellites. State-of-the-art radar altimeters aboard these satellites survey millions of square miles of ocean in a single day, complementing NOAA’s fleet of ocean sensors and buoys drifting and diving through the water below.

Warming Pacific waters 

Warmer-than-normal seawater is one of the best-known indicators of El Niño. Already, sea surface temperatures in the eastern Pacific are about 3 degrees Fahrenheit (1.7 degrees Celsius) warmer than the long-term average and could jump another fraction of a degree in the coming months, Willis said. 

Satellites carrying microwave and infrared radiometers can see through and around clouds to measure heat energy at the sea surface. Satellites in 2026 mapped the band of warmer-than-normal water as it expanded throughout the spring. The band, seen in dark red, stretches for millions of square miles from the heart of the Pacific to the coast of South America.  Ocean temperatures can influence weather patterns around the world. Air above the water’s surface carries heat and moisture into the atmosphere, seeding rainstorms and rearranging weather patterns across the globe.

Ocean gets bluer

El Niño’s warm waters also change the color of the ocean. A NASA satellite is tracking these subtle shifts in hues, as equatorial Pacific waters have become measurably more blue over the last several months.

“Some people think of water as being just blue, but it’s amazing the multitude of colors the ocean can be,” said Matthew Kehrli, a lead research scientist for the PACE (Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem) satellite team at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.

This spectrum is in part thanks to microscopic plants called phytoplankton, which form the basis of the marine food web. There are thousands of different species of phytoplankton, which come in shades like teal, brown, or green. This year, in areas of the Pacific Ocean along the equator that are typically lush with phytoplankton and greener as a result, these hues are waning.

This is an expected effect of El Niño. Phytoplankton thrive in cool, nutrient-rich waters, but during an El Niño, the weakening trade winds reduce the upwelling of nutrient-rich deep water to the ocean surface. With limited food supply, phytoplankton abundance drops. This decline can trigger cascading effects across the marine food web, forcing other marine life to relocate to new feeding grounds.

This year’s El Niño is the first since PACE launched in 2024, providing new views of the phenomenon. The Ocean Color Instrument aboard PACE observes the ocean in hyperspectral color — across several hundred different wavelengths of visible, near-infrared, and ultraviolet light — monitoring phytoplankton and other ocean-color changes in near-real time. With PACE data, researchers calculate the average color of the ocean, simplifying spectra of light into a single number, known as apparent visible wavelength.

The 2026 map above shows the green area along the equator in the western Pacific Ocean shrink as a bluer shade fills in, indicating fewer phytoplankton. In contrast, the map from 2025 shows how the green-hued section stays steady over time.

“You have expectations of what you would think would happen,” Kehrli said. “But to visually see the results with the data products that you’re working with in real time is gratifying.”

NASA scientists will continue to monitor the signs and impacts of this El Niño with its fleet of Earth-observing satellites.

“El Niño touches almost all of us in some way every time it occurs,” Willis said. “While many have seen what it can do, we look to the ocean to understand why.”

View and download these data visualizations here.

From the International Space Station’s unique position 250 miles above Earth, the Sun is a vital source of energy. Solar power supports the station’s life support systems, daily activities, and hundreds of research investigations that improve life on Earth and prepare humans for deep space exploration. Over the past five years, NASA augmented the station’s power generation and distribution capability with next-generation International Space Station Roll Out Solar Arrays (IROSAs).

In 2017, a technology demonstration conducted aboard the space station tested the effectiveness of the arrays. The lightweight, compact design launches as a cylinder and unfurls like a yoga mat after installation. This advanced design reduces mass and volume at launch and uses an autonomous, self-deploying system that minimizes risks during rollout.

The IROSAs were designed, manufactured, and tested by Redwire under a contract with Boeing and are about half the size of the station’s legacy arrays. Despite being smaller, the arrays are capable of producing about 28 kilowatts of additional power.

Six IROSAs were installed outside of the space station between 2021 and 2023. In 2023, power projections prompted a request for another set of IROSAs, which launched in Dragon spacecraft’s trunk during the SpaceX 35th commercial resupply services mission to space station for NASA. Together, the eight IROSAs will increase power by more than 160kW for research and operations.

With the full upgrade in place, the space station’s revitalized power system not only supports NASA’s legacy in low Earth orbit but also helps advance technology that will extend the agency’s reach into the solar system. From planetary defense demonstrations, like the Double Asteroid Redirection Test, to future human exploration efforts, the space station is an essential testbed for the technologies needed for expeditions beyond Earth’s orbit.

From the International Space Station’s unique position 250 miles above Earth, the Sun is a vital source of energy. Solar power supports the station’s life support systems, daily activities, and hundreds of research investigations that improve life on Earth and prepare humans for deep space exploration. Over the past five years, NASA augmented the station’s power generation and distribution capability with next-generation International Space Station Roll Out Solar Arrays (IROSAs).

In 2017, a technology demonstration conducted aboard the space station tested the effectiveness of the arrays. The lightweight, compact design launches as a cylinder and unfurls like a yoga mat after installation. This advanced design reduces mass and volume at launch and uses an autonomous, self-deploying system that minimizes risks during rollout.

The IROSAs were designed, manufactured, and tested by Redwire under a contract with Boeing and are about half the size of the station’s legacy arrays. Despite being smaller, the arrays are capable of producing about 28 kilowatts of additional power.

Six IROSAs were installed outside of the space station between 2021 and 2023. In 2023, power projections prompted a request for another set of IROSAs, which launched in Dragon spacecraft’s trunk during the SpaceX 35th commercial resupply services mission to space station for NASA. Together, the eight IROSAs will increase power by more than 160kW for research and operations.

With the full upgrade in place, the space station’s revitalized power system not only supports NASA’s legacy in low Earth orbit but also helps advance technology that will extend the agency’s reach into the solar system. From planetary defense demonstrations, like the Double Asteroid Redirection Test, to future human exploration efforts, the space station is an essential testbed for the technologies needed for expeditions beyond Earth’s orbit.

From the International Space Station’s unique position 250 miles above Earth, the Sun is a vital source of energy. Solar power supports the station’s life support systems, daily activities, and hundreds of research investigations that improve life on Earth and prepare humans for deep space exploration. Over the past five years, NASA augmented the station’s power generation and distribution capability with next-generation International Space Station Roll Out Solar Arrays (IROSAs).

In 2017, a technology demonstration conducted aboard the space station tested the effectiveness of the arrays. The lightweight, compact design launches as a cylinder and unfurls like a yoga mat after installation. This advanced design reduces mass and volume at launch and uses an autonomous, self-deploying system that minimizes risks during rollout.

The IROSAs were designed, manufactured, and tested by Redwire under a contract with Boeing and are about half the size of the station’s legacy arrays. Despite being smaller, the arrays are capable of producing about 28 kilowatts of additional power.

Six IROSAs were installed outside of the space station between 2021 and 2023. In 2023, power projections prompted a request for another set of IROSAs, which launched in Dragon spacecraft’s trunk during the SpaceX 35th commercial resupply services mission to space station for NASA. Together, the eight IROSAs will increase power by more than 160kW for research and operations.

With the full upgrade in place, the space station’s revitalized power system not only supports NASA’s legacy in low Earth orbit but also helps advance technology that will extend the agency’s reach into the solar system. From planetary defense demonstrations, like the Double Asteroid Redirection Test, to future human exploration efforts, the space station is an essential testbed for the technologies needed for expeditions beyond Earth’s orbit.

A NASA Dynamic Aviation A200 aircraft will conduct low-flying research flights over farmland near Transit, Texas, from Thursday, Oct. 22, through Monday, Nov. 9. These flights will measure gaseous and particulate emissions from animal feeding operations.

Agricultural emissions represent an important and understudied part of Earth’s land and atmosphere systems. The FarmFlux mission will deploy more than a dozen sensors to measure ozone, methane, ammonia, particulates, and other pollutants rising from crop lands and livestock farms and their interaction with the Earth’s atmosphere. The mission is jointly led by NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland; Colorado State University; and Boston University.

Additional low-altitude research flights with a NASA P-3 Orion aircraft are scheduled for the March to July 2027 growing season in the Midwest and California’s Central Valley with a focus on cropland.

For more information about the FarmFlux mission, visit:

https://science.nasa.gov/mission/evs-4/farm-flux/

By Sharon Teitelbaum

NASA’s Ames Research Center in California’s Silicon Valley

Registration is open for the 2026 NASA Space Apps Challenge, a two-day global event on Saturday, Nov. 14 and Sunday, Nov. 15, where teams work to create solutions inspired by NASA’s most ambitious exploration goals and making use of the agency’s free and open data. The annual challenge, often called a hackathon, is an intensive, collaborative problem-solving experience where participants tackle real-world challenges created by NASA subject matter experts.

This year’s Space Apps Challenge collectively supports three major focus areas: returning humans to the Moon, preparing for missions deeper into the solar system, and expanding understanding of the universe. Participants do not have to be programmers. Students, scientists, engineers, designers, storytellers, technologists, and space enthusiasts of all ages and experience levels can contribute their skills.

“At NASA, science is for everyone, and we’re inviting the next generation to help tackle some of humanity’s most critical challenges in space through the NASA Space Apps Challenge,” said Nicky Fox, associate administrator, Science Mission Directorate, NASA Headquarters in Washington. “Everything in NASA Science is interconnected, and this year, students from around the world can use NASA’s powerful data sets to help us build the ultimate interplanetary survival guide – supporting the science that will enable astronauts to thrive on the Moon and, eventually, Mars, while also inspiring ideas that improve everyday life on Earth and in space for the benefit of all.”

Supporting lunar exploration, Artemis planning

NASA continues to advance plans for a sustained human presence on the Moon through the Artemis program and Moon Base. Several of this year’s Space Apps challenges relate to analytical tools, operational considerations, and human‑system needs relevant to lunar missions. These include work related to surface operations at the Moon’s South Pole, the management of environmental constraints such as sunlight and communications windows, as well as approaches for evaluating the logistical and scientific demands of long‑duration lunar stays. Broader system‑level modeling challenges, such as those that simulate outpost operations or consider astronaut health and safety, mirror the complexity of planning for human activity on the lunar surface.

Strengthening readiness for Mars, deep space

NASA’s exploration strategy includes continued robotic exploration of the outer solar system and preparing for future human missions to Mars. Several challenges involve operational concepts for Martian surface activities, integrating data from multiple Mars missions, or reflecting the mission‑design trade‑offs required for deep‑space exploration. Others address fundamental concerns for long‑duration travel, such as monitoring physiological and behavioral health indicators, or examining how engineering and scientific choices shape mission execution in environments far from Earth.

Some of these challenges also align with NASA’s broader exploration portfolio, which includes ongoing work on future missions to destinations such as Jupiter’s moon Europa and Saturn’s moon Titan. By simulating mission‑design decisions or evaluating environmental analogs on Earth, certain challenges offer frameworks related to how NASA prepares for complex operational scenarios throughout the solar system.

Enhancing access to astrophysics

NASA’s astrophysics missions contribute to understanding the structure and history of the universe. In 2026, this includes active missions like Spectro-Photometer for the History of the Universe, Epoch of Reionization and Ices Explorer (SPHEREx), which is conducting a full‑sky spectral survey, as well as the continued development and deployment of observatories designed to investigate cosmic evolution and exoplanet, which are planets outside our solar system, populations.

Challenges associated with these efforts focus on improving public access to mission data, designing tools that help visualize changes in the sky over time, and supporting broader engagement with the scientific products derived from these missions.

Broader impact across NASA’s mission landscape

Together, these challenges illustrate how NASA’s open data ecosystem enables gold standard science, by freely offering such a wide breadth of information and research. By engaging with the Space Apps event, the entire nation can interact with the kind of real‑world needs defined by the agency.

Registration is available at the NASA Space Apps Challenge. Participants can join in one of 500+ local events, join a team, and select the challenge that they are most interested in addressing during the November hackathon.

NASA has selected 12 U.S. institutions to receive $12 million to accelerate academic research and technology development in support of the agency’s priorities for exploring the Moon, Mars, and deep space.

Through NASA’s Minority University Research and Education Project (MUREP) Space Technology Artemis Research (M‑STAR) initiative, selected institutions will each receive up to $1 million to grow their scientific and engineering capabilities, enhance faculty and student engagement in aerospace research, and expand their ability to compete for future federal and commercial research awards.

“We are excited to launch this new cohort of M-STAR investigators,” said Alicia Baturoni Cortez, MUREP program manager in the agency’s Office of STEM Engagement. “NASA investments in our Nation’s research institutions create real opportunities for students and faculty to build skills, knowledge, and infrastructure, while helping NASA close technology gaps for long-duration operations on the Moon and eventually, Mars.”

As NASA enters a Golden Age of innovation and exploration, the M-STAR initiative supports the agency’s mission to develop innovative technologies that improve space transportation, human exploration, robotic discovery, and the growing space economy.

The awardees and their projects are as follows:

California State University, Sacramento
Adaptive Vision-Language-Action Models for Resilient Multi-Robot Collaboration in Unstructured Planetary Environments

University of Central Florida, Orlando
M-FAST: Multi-Fidelity Aerothermal Simulation & Testing for Artemis

University of Hawaii at Manoa
HI-STRIDE: Hawai’i Student Training in Radiation Instrumentation, Detection, and Exploration

University of Houston
RODEO: Rover-carried On-surface Deployables for Exploration Operations

University of Texas, San Antonio
Characterizing Physical and Mechanical Properties of Regolith at Cryogenic Conditions Using the Multi-Planetary Surface Simulator (MPS2)

Kean University, Union, New Jersey
Integrating Terrain Understanding of AI Models With Robust Control for Autonomous Path Planning

Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
BNNT-Reinforced Multifunctional Composites for Radiation-Tolerant, Hydrogen-Compatible Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (NTP) Secondary Hardware

Shaw University, Raleigh, North Carolina
Project ARES (Advanced Regenerative Environmental Systems): A Materials-by-Design Research and Workforce Development Platform for Environmental Control and Surface Infrastructure

Howard University, Washington
LumSHRS: Lunar monolithic Spatial Heterodyne Raman Spectrometer for Minirover In-Situ and Standoff Remote Sensing

Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, Texas
Functionally Graded Interfaces for Directed-Energy-Deposition Repair of Copper-to-Superalloy Propulsion Hardware: An Integrated AI/ML Design-to-Validation Research Capability at Prairie View A&M University

University of New Mexico, Albuquerque
POWER-Artemis: Extreme-Environment Batteries and Fuel Cells for Sustained Moon and Mars Operations

Fayetteville State University, North Carolina
From Documents to Models: Method-Compliant Generative AI for Bootstrapping Model-Based Systems Engineering in NASA’s Artemis Enterprise (Doc2Model)

NASA’s Office of STEM Engagement fosters an ecosystem across education, industry, and government to cultivate a well‑prepared talent pool, while the agency’s Research and Technology Mission Directorate develops the transformative space technologies that enable future NASA missions and ensure U.S. leadership in aerospace. Together, they accelerate mission readiness by aligning cutting edge technological innovation with the workforce needed to carry it forward.

Non perfettamente sferica, ma a forma di uovo, con un lato più allungato dell’altro. È la silhouette di Wasp-17b, un “gioviano caldo” situato a circa 1.300 anni luce dalla Terra, nella costellazione dello Scorpione; uno dei più grandi “puffy planets” mai scoperti.

A ricostruire per la prima volta i contorni dell’esopianeta e la forma tridimensionale della sua atmosfera è stato un team internazionale di ricercatori guidato dalla Cornell University, che ha sfruttato le capacità osservative del telescopio spaziale James Webb e un nuovo metodo di analisi chiamato transit mapping. I risultati dello studio, pubblicati ieri su Nature Astronomy, mostrano come l’intensa radiazione stellare e le correnti che ne derivano plasmino l’atmosfera del pianeta, confermando le predizioni teoriche e i modelli di simulazione.

I pianeti gassosi sono oggetti tridimensionali la cui forma è modellata dalla loro atmosfera. Ciò è ancora più evidente per i pianeti in rotazione sincrona, una condizione tipica dei gioviani caldi che orbitano estremamente vicini alla propria stella. Tali mondi, rivolgendo sempre la stessa faccia alla loro stella, possiedono un lato costantemente illuminato e uno perennemente in ombra. Questa condizione determina marcati gradienti orizzontali di temperatura, che possono modificare sia l’estensione verticale dell’atmosfera sia le condizioni chimiche al suo interno, determinando il contorno apparente del pianeta.

Mappare queste differenze permette dunque di ricostruire le variazioni della struttura atmosferica e di delineare la sagoma del pianeta.  Le osservazioni spettroscopiche del lembo degli esopianeti durante il loro transito sul disco della stella consentono di indagare tali variazioni, assumendo che il raggio del pianeta sia uniforme lungo tutto il suo contorno. Tra le tecniche usate per questo tipo di indagini c’è l’eclipse mapping, che misura le variazioni di luce quando un pianeta passa dietro la propria stella ospite.

Sebbene queste osservazioni consentano di caratterizzare l’atmosfera nel suo complesso, non permettono di ricostruire le variazioni da una regione all’altra. Restituiscono infatti uno spettro di trasmissione che è solo la media delle proprietà atmosferiche lungo il contorno.

Per superare questo limite, come anticipato, il team ha utilizzato il metodo del transit mapping. Tracciando le variazioni della luce che attraversa l’orizzonte atmosferico da diverse angolazioni, la tecnica consente di determinare l’estensione e la composizione chimica dell’atmosfera, punto per punto lungo l’intero bordo. In questo modo è possibile mapparne le proprietà sia dall’equatore ai poli, sia tra i terminatori, ovvero le regioni di transizione tra il lato diurno e quello notturno, definendo la struttura esatta della sagoma planetaria.

«Invece di ipotizzare che il pianeta sia un cerchio con lo stesso raggio lungo tutto il perimetro, la nostra tecnica permette di ricavare la distanza dal centro al bordo in diversi punti. Siamo dunque in grado di percorrere l’intero profilo», ha spiegato Lili Alderson, ricercatrice alla Cornell University e prima autrice della ricerca.  «In un certo senso, siamo passati dall’osservare un anello al capire esattamente dove si trovano le “gemme” lungo di esso».

La metafora delle gemme utilizzata dalla scienziata si riferisce proprio alla presenza di variazioni locali di quota nell’atmosfera, che si traducono in rigonfiamenti della sagoma e, dunque, in variazioni del raggio del pianeta. Se in una certa regione l’aria è molto calda, il pianeta sembra più grande e il suo raggio in quel punto aumenta. Al contrario, se in un altro punto l’aria si raffredda, l’atmosfera diventa più sottile, quindi il raggio in quella regione diminuisce.

Una di queste gemme è stata trovata dai ricercatori proprio dove i modelli fisici ne prevedevano la presenza: nella fascia equatoriale del lato notturno di Wasp-17b. In questa regione, potenti venti trasportano il calore dal lato perennemente illuminato verso quello buio, provocando un rigonfiamento dell’atmosfera. Il risultato è un pianeta dalla forma asimmetrica e allungata, simile a un uovo.

La tecnica del transit mapping ha inoltre permesso di confermare altre caratteristiche di Wasp-17b: «la teoria prevede che i lati diurno e notturno di questi pianeti debbano avere una forte escursione di temperatura. Wasp-17b si inserisce perfettamente in questo trend. È esattamente in linea con quanto ci aspettavamo», osserva Alderson. «È stato inoltre importante confermare che molecole come l’acqua e l’anidride carbonica sono distribuite in modo piuttosto uniforme lungo tutto il lembo atmosferico».

«Il primissimo utilizzo di questa nuova tecnica mostra che la nostra comprensione di questi pianeti è corretta e che i diversi metodi a disposizione per studiarli restituiscono risultati concordanti», conclude Alderson. «In questo senso, le prospettive future sono molto promettenti: nei prossimi anni, infatti, queste tecniche ci permetteranno di studiare in profondità molti altri pianeti».

Per saperne di più:

• Leggi su Nature Astronomy l’articolo “A spatial map of the atmospheric limb of a hot Jupiter” di Lili Alderson, Hannah R. Wakeford, David Grant, Nikole K. Lewis, Avinash Verma, Jayesh Goyal, Mark Hammond, Daniel Valentine, Natalie H. Allen, Ana Glidden, Amélie Gressier, Jingcheng Huang, Maura Lally, Dana R. Louie, Jacob Lustig-Yaeger, Cathal Maguire, Elijah Mullens, Kristin S. Sotzen, Jeff A. Valenti, Roeland P. van der Marel e Tiffany Kataria

Duecentocinquanta scienziate, scienziati e rappresentanti delle principali istituzioni di ricerca di tutto il mondo hanno celebrato l’inaugurazione del sottosistema del Large-Sized Telescope (Lst) presso il sito settentrionale del Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (Ctao) – Nord, situato all’Osservatorio del Roque de los Muchachos a La Palma, nell’arcipelago delle Canarie (Spagna). Il completamento dei quattro telescopi Lst segna una tappa fondamentale per le comunità mondiali dell’astrofisica e della fisica delle astroparticelle, e rappresenta un passo cruciale verso la piena operatività scientifica del Ctao, a cui hanno dato un contributo rilevante anche l’Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (Inaf) e l’Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (Infn).

Ciascun telescopio è dotato di uno specchio di 23 metri di diametro ed è equipaggiato con fotocamere all’avanguardia e ultraveloci. Progettati per rivelare i deboli lampi di luce Cherenkov prodotti dall’interazione dei raggi gamma ad altissima energia con l’atmosfera terrestre, i telescopi Lst sono gli strumenti più sensibili al mondo per l’osservazione dei raggi gamma a energie comprese tra circa 20 gigaelettronvolt (GeV) e diversi teraelettronvolt (TeV).

Questa straordinaria sensibilità è fondamentale per individuare sorgenti di raggi gamma remote e transitorie. Poiché i raggi gamma ad altissima energia vengono gradualmente assorbiti mentre attraversano l’Universo, la capacità dei telescopi Lst di rivelare raggi gamma fino alle più basse energie consente agli scienziati di esplorare sorgenti a distanze cosmologiche, di risalire più indietro nella storia cosmica e di osservare la rapidissima variabilità delle sorgenti gamma in dinamica evoluzione con maggiore accuratezza statistica.

Il pioniere Lst-1

Già a partire dal 2020, ancor prima del completamento dell’intero sottosistema, durante la sua fase di collaudo, il prototipo Lst-1 ha prodotto risultati di notevole portata. Tra questi rientrano le osservazioni di pulsar, gli studi sui nuclei galattici attivi a distanze cosmologiche e il rapido monitoraggio di fenomeni transienti come nove e lampi di raggi gamma (Grb).

Con l’affiancamento dei tre nuovi Lst (Lst-2, Lst-3 e Lst-4) all’esistente Lst-1, i quattro telescopi formano ora una vera e propria rete (sottosistema). Osservando simultaneamente da più direzioni il medesimo sciame di raggi gamma, i telescopi Lst offriranno una sensibilità nettamente superiore, una risoluzione angolare migliore e una ricostruzione dell’energia più precisa, aprendo un nuovo livello di accuratezza nello studio dell’universo a raggi gamma.

«Il completamento del sottosistema Lst è il culmine di oltre quindici anni di collaborazione internazionale e innovazione tecnologica», ha dichiarato Masahiro Teshima, Principal Investigator della collaborazione Lst e portavoce del consorzio Ctao. «Questi telescopi ci permetteranno di esplorare alcuni degli ambienti più estremi dell’Universo, tra cui buchi neri supermassicci e stelle di neutroni, di indagare le possibili origini dei raggi cosmici e di contribuire alle ricerche sulla natura della materia oscura».

In viaggio verso l’universo primordiale

Gli Lst costituiscono il cuore a bassa energia di Ctao-Nord e offriranno un’opportunità unica per sondare l’universo, risalendo indietro nel tempo fino a circa 12 miliardi di anni fa, quando esso aveva meno di due miliardi di anni. La loro sensibilità ai raggi gamma di energia più bassa consentirà di individuare e studiare brillanti lampi di raggi gamma ad alto redshift, estendendo potenzialmente le osservazioni gamma a sorgenti con redshift fino a z~4 e fornendo nuove informazioni sull’Universo primordiale.

«Oggi si celebra un passo avanti importantissimo verso la realizzazione del Ctao, a cui l’Italia contribuisce con un patrimonio di capacità scientifiche, progettuali e industriali. L’Italia ospita a Bologna, presso l’Inaf, la sede centrale dell’Osservatorio internazionale e sta contribuendo alla realizzazione di gran parte dei suoi strumenti. Oggi l’attenzione è focalizzata sul sito nord, ma il nostro sguardo abbraccia l’intero Osservatorio: il contributo italiano è infatti particolarmente significativo anche nel sito sud, in Cile, attraverso la realizzazione di altri due Large-Sized Telescopes e ben 37 Small-Sized Telescopes, tutti in costruzione in Italia e destinati a Ctao-Sud», ha affermato Lucio Angelo Antonelli, dirigente di ricerca all’Inaf e co-principal investigator della collaborazione internazionale Lst. «Le prossime fasi di collaudo e integrazione nelle operazioni del Ctao porteranno questi strumenti a esprimere pienamente le loro capacità. È un passaggio decisivo verso le scoperte che attendiamo, ma soprattutto verso quelle che ancora non sappiamo immaginare».

«L’Infn partecipa allo sviluppo di questi nuovi telescopi fin dalle prime fasi di progettazione. Ha realizzato la struttura in fibra di carbonio che sostiene l’arco della camera e ha contribuito alla costruzione della camera stessa, oltre a sviluppare altri componenti meccanici ed elettronici di alta precisione, necessari per calibrare il sistema di puntamento. Finora il nostro contributo si è concentrato soprattutto sugli strumenti del sito nord di Ctao, ma ora, grazie ai finanziamenti del Pnrr del Ministero dell’università e della ricerca, stiamo dando assieme all’Inaf un grande contributo alla realizzazione delle camere dei telescopi del sito sud», spiega Mosè Mariotti, ricercatore dell’Infn responsabile nazionale del gruppo Infn in Ctao. «Nei prossimi due anni, quando i nuovi telescopi entreranno pienamente in funzione, la sensibilità aumenterà notevolmente, fino a un ordine di grandezza rispetto agli strumenti attuali: questo significa che potremo ottenere gli stessi risultati scientifici in un centesimo del tempo, aprendo nuove straordinarie possibilità di scoperta», conclude Mariotti.

Nei prossimi anni, gli Lst saranno sottoposti a collaudo e integrati nelle operazioni di Ctao. Insieme agli altri telescopi previsti per entrambi i siti dell’Osservatorio, affronteranno questioni fondamentali dell’astrofisica, della fisica delle particelle e della cosmologia, come la natura della materia oscura, l’origine dei raggi cosmici e la fisica degli acceleratori cosmici estremi.

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Per saperne di più:

• Informazioni sulla Collaborazione Lst
  La Collaborazione Large-Sized Telescope (Lst) è un consorzio internazionale di scienziati, ingegneri e istituzioni impegnati nella progettazione, costruzione e messa in servizio degli Lst per il Ctao. La collaborazione ha sviluppato tecnologie avanzate nell’ottica, nei rivelatori, nella meccanica e nell’elettronica ad alta velocità per raggiungere la soglia energetica più bassa mai ottenuta da osservatori gamma da terra. Il progetto è stato reso possibile da una solida partnership internazionale che coinvolge istituzioni provenienti da Brasile, Bulgaria, Croazia, Francia, Germania, Giappone, Italia, Polonia, Repubblica Ceca, Spagna e Svizzera.
• Informazioni su Ctao
  Il Ctao (Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory) sarà il più grande e potente osservatorio al mondo per l’astronomia a raggi gamma. La precisione senza precedenti e l’ampio intervallo energetico del Ctao (20 GeV – 300 TeV) aiuteranno a rispondere ad alcuni dei quesiti più complessi dell’astrofisica e della fisica delle particelle, articolati in tre temi principali: comprendere l’origine e il ruolo delle particelle cosmiche relativistiche; sondare ambienti estremi come buchi neri o stelle di neutroni; ed esplorare le frontiere della fisica, alla ricerca della materia oscura o di deviazioni dalla teoria della relatività di Einstein. Per coprire il suo ampio intervallo di energia, il Ctao utilizzerà tre tipi di telescopi: Large-Sized Telescope (Lst), Medium-Sized Telescope (Mst) e Small-Sized Telescope (Sst). Oltre 60 telescopi saranno distribuiti tra due stazioni osservative: Ctao-Nord, nell’emisfero settentrionale presso l’Osservatorio del Roque de los Muchachos a La Palma (Spagna), e Ctao-Sud, nell’emisfero meridionale presso l’Osservatorio dell’Eso al Paranal nel deserto di Atacama (Cile).

 

NASA’s Artemis II mission sent four astronauts around the Moon and brought them safely back to Earth, laying a foundation for crewed flights to the Moon’s surface.

Additional engineering data analysis of the Orion spacecraft’s heat shield confirmed initial data showing the heat shield performed as expected.  

In particular, NASA measured whether the thermal protection system effectively safeguarded the crew and Orion systems as the spacecraft reentered Earth’s atmosphere. This test flight was the first time astronauts flew aboard Orion. 

Orion reached a maximum velocity of 39 times the speed of sound and experienced external temperatures exceeding 4,000 degrees Fahrenheit at its peak, all while the four astronauts inside Orion stayed relatively cool with a cabin temperature in the mid-70 degree Fahrenheit range during their return to Earth from the Moon.  

After NASA’s thorough analysis of Artemis I heat shield findings, informed by extensive arc jet material testing at NASA’s Ames Research Center in California’s Silicon Valley, the agency modified Orion’s reentry trajectory for Artemis II by shortening the maximum downrange distance the spacecraft could fly between when it entered Earth’s atmosphere and splashed down in the Pacific Ocean. Analysis prior to the mission showed that limiting downrange distance would limit how long the spacecraft’s heat shield spent in the temperature range at which the Artemis I heat shield phenomenon occurred.  

The spacecraft reentered with precision, entering within only 192 feet of its targeted entry interface, and successfully splashed down only 0.59 miles from the predicted landing site off the coast of San Diego. Initial inspections of the thermal protection system, including diver imagery of the spacecraft’s heat shield taken just after splashdown and further inspections on the recovery ship, found it performed as expected, with a significant reduction in the amount of cracks and char loss as compared to Artemis I.  

Upon the spacecraft’s return to NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida after the Moon mission, thermal protection system experts began additional examination of the heat shield, made of 186 unique blocks of an ablative material called Avcoat. The heat shield was then transported to NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, where work on sample extraction and internal x-ray scans began in August to provide further engineering insight into the system and behavior of the material.

A thorough post-flight assessment review found that Orion’s aerodynamic and aerothermal performance, including the heat shield and backshell thermal protection system, was in line with engineering predictions based on pre-flight analyses and ground testing. The shorter allowable down range during entry reduced the cracking and char loss experienced on the Artemis II heat shield relative to the Artemis I heat shield by a factor of ten, proving the effectiveness of the trajectory modification. Engineers found only nine spots of char loss of varying sizes on the Artemis II heat shield dish, compared to 103 during Artemis I. 

The analysis also showed that Orion’s robust heat shield design showed consistency from Artemis I to Artemis II, evident by the performance of system features such as the seams between the heat shield Avcoat blocks and the Avcoat surrounding the heat shield compression pad separation bolts. 

Post-flight inspection of Orion’s backshell, the protective cover on the sloped sides of the crew module made up of 1,300 ceramic tiles, showed expected performance across the crew module surface. Visual inspections indicated backshell features designed to seal and protect penetrations such as windows, vents, thrusters, and the side hatch also met expectations, with no signs of overheating observed. 

The team also performed post-flight laser scans of the heat shield surface and is comparing this data to pre-flight measurements to determine material recession, which will then be compared to analysis predictions. Engineers are continuing with heat shield sample extraction at NASA Marshall and subsequent material test and assessment and thermal analysis, to support long-term heat shield development, manufacturing efforts, and data capture. 

Orion’s performance and the team’s analysis on Artemis II reflect system robustness, capability to support crew, and critical insights gathered that will enhance the Artemis III mission and beyond. Following the extensive Artemis I heat shield investigation, upgrades were made to the heat shield design for Artemis III to achieve uniformity and consistent permeability of the Avcoat blocks. Technicians attached the heat shield for the Artemis III Orion crew module at NASA Kennedy in early July, and the Orion crew and service modules were joined at the end of July. The spacecraft has since been successfully powered up for the first time, enabling engineers to check all connection lines between the two modules are working as planned.

NASA continues to advance toward Artemis III as teams ready the Orion spacecraft for next year’s mission in low Earth orbit. NASA will launch the SLS (Space Launch System) rocket and Orion spacecraft with NASA astronauts Randy Bresnik, Frank Rubio, Andre Douglas, and ESA (European Space Agency) Luca Parmitano, to rendezvous with human lander test articles from Blue Origin and SpaceX to demonstrate critical systems and operations needed for future lunar landings, beginning with Artemis IV in 2028.

Astronomers have used NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory to break down the cause of a remarkable formation of radio waves they have nicknamed the “Treble Clef” because its distinct shape strongly resembles the musical symbol.

A formation of radio waves looks remarkably like a treble clef in this Oct. 14, 2026, image from NASA’s Chandra X-Ray Observatory. Researchers used Chandra to find that the Treble Clef is likely caused by an outburst from a supermassive black hole, followed by a collision of two galaxy clusters.

Read more about this discovery.

Image credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/INAF-IRA/A. Botteon et al.; Infrared: UKIDSS-GPS ; Radio: ASTRON/LOFAR; Image processing: NASA/CXC/SAO/N. Wolk

La missione Martian Moons eXploration (Mmx) è pronta a partire a bordo di un razzo H3 dal Tanegashima Space Center, in Giappone, alle 4:41 ora locale del 20 ottobre 2026 (in Italia, le 21:41 del 19 ottobre 2026). Mmx – una missione guidata dalla Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (Jaxa), in collaborazione con la Nasa, l’agenzia spaziale francese (Cnes), il Centro aerospaziale tedesco (Dlr) e l’Agenzia spaziale europea (Esa) – sarà la prima a raccogliere un campione dalla luna marziana Phobos e a riportarlo sulla Terra.

Marte ha due lune: Phobos (“paura” in lingua greca, con diametro medio di 22,2 km e massa circa un milionesimo di quella della Luna) e Deimos (“terrore” in lingua greca, con diametro medio di 12,4 km e quasi dieci volte più leggero di Phobos). Nonostante il gran numero di missioni inviate verso il Pianeta rosso, le sue lune rimangono ancora pressoché inesplorate e sollevano ancora grandi interrogativi su come si siano formate e sulla loro composizione. Nessun veicolo spaziale ha mai sostato a lungo nelle loro vicinanze, e le conoscenze raccolte finora si basano essenzialmente su ciò che è stato possibile osservare durante alcuni sorvoli.

Non conosciamo, ad esempio, la loro origine. Potrebbero essere asteroidi catturati dall’attrazione gravitazionale di Marte e rimasti in orbita attorno al pianeta, oppure i resti dei detriti scagliati in orbita in seguito a una gigantesca collisione sulla superficie marziana. Per scoprirlo, Mmx sarà il primo veicolo spaziale a orbitare attorno a Phobos, seguendo un’orbita di tipo “quasi-satellite”, e il primo a raccogliere campioni dalla superficie di una luna diversa dalla nostra. Per consentire l’atterraggio, le manovre e la raccolta robotizzata dei campioni (circa 10 grammi, secondo i piani) nella gravità estremamente ridotta di Phobos, sono state sviluppate tecnologie specifiche.

Mmx impiegherà circa un anno per raggiungere Marte. L’ingresso in orbita attorno al Pianeta rosso è previsto per agosto 2027, mentre l’inizio delle operazioni in orbita attorno a Phobos è previsto a partire da settembre dello stesso anno. Dopo aver studiato Phobos (e Deimos) a distanza, all’inizio del 2029 Mmx rilascerà un rover chiamato Idefix, per poi atterrare essa stessa sulla superficie della luna per raccoglierne i campioni. La missione è dotata complessivamente di 11 strumenti scientifici: sette a bordo della sonda principale e quattro sul rover. La sonda principale è inoltre dotata di un monitor per le radiazioni, due fotocamere ad alta risoluzione e due diversi dispositivi per il campionamento: una carotatrice, che consentirà di raccogliere campioni fino a una profondità di due centimetri, e un campionatore pneumatico, che utilizza gas pressurizzato per sollevare il materiale dalla superficie e convogliarlo in un contenitore. Il rover Idefix, del peso di 25 kg, ha due compiti principali: fornire informazioni utili a preparare l’atterraggio della sonda principale per la raccolta dei campioni e analizzare la composizione e la consistenza della superficie di Phobos. La gravità su questa luna è così debole che, sulla sua superficie, Idefix peserà l’equivalente di appena 15 grammi.

Una volta raggiunto Marte, Mmx potrà anche contare sul supporto di una vera veterana del Pianeta rosso: la sonda Mars Express dell’Esa, operativa dal 2003. L’atterraggio della sonda principale su Phobos per la raccolta dei campioni è previsto per il 2030: il materiale raccolto verrà inserito in un modulo di rientro destinato al viaggio verso la Terra. Il modulo raggiungerà il nostro pianeta nel 2031 e rilascerà una capsula contenente almeno dieci grammi di materiale proveniente da Phobos. La capsula ha un diametro di circa 60 centimetri ed è dotata di uno scudo termico che le permetterà di resistere al rientro nell’atmosfera terrestre. Atterrerà in Australia e verrà trasferita subito all’Istituto di scienze spaziali e astronautiche (Isas) della Jaxa, a Sagamihara, vicino a Tokyo. Qui verrà smontata all’interno di un laboratorio specializzato e i campioni saranno estratti, catalogati e messi a disposizione per le indagini scientifiche. A poterli analizzare, ci sono anche gli scienziati europei: L’Esa sta infatti collaborando con Cnes, Dlr e Jaxa per pubblicare bandi che consentano ai ricercatori di candidarsi a studiare il materiale raccolto.

«Portare i campioni nei nostri laboratori più sofisticati sulla Terra moltiplica le possibilità di fare nuove scoperte, perché i nostri strumenti più precisi sono troppo grandi, complessi o sensibili per essere inviati nello spazio», dice Elliot Sefton-Nash, Project Scientist della missione Mmx all’Esa. «Anche dopo la conclusione della missione, le generazioni future di scienziati potranno studiare i campioni di Phobos con strumenti ancora più avanzati: i campioni riportati sulla Terra sono un dono che continua a dare i suoi frutti».

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Unlike a tornado or thunderstorm that can deliver destruction in minutes, El Niño exerts its influence over many months. This year, a drought accompanying El Niño has left the Amazon rainforest primed to burn, and scientists say the region has entered the early stages of what they think will be a long and severe fire season.

Starting in September 2026, satellites detected sharp increases in fire activity and smoke emissions in the central and eastern Amazon, visible in fire and emissions monitoring platforms including NASA’s Fire Information for Resource Management System (FIRMS), the Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED), and NASA Worldview. The region with elevated fire activity stretches from forests surrounding the commercial and transportation centers of Manaus and Santarém to the mouth of the Amazon River.

When the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) on NASA’s Aqua satellite captured this image of smoke streaming from fires on both sides of the Amazon River on October 12, 2026, heavy smoke socked in Manaus, the capital of the Brazilian state of Amazonas. That day, city officials reported extremely poor air quality, with fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) values above 135 micrograms per cubic meter, the second-worst rating on a regional air quality index. The pall disrupted daily life in a city of more than 2 million people. Schools closed, and citywide events and children’s sports leagues were canceled as officials warned of hazardous air quality, according to news reports.

The burning around Santarém and Manaus is part of a “cascade” of fire in the tropics that accompanies the disrupted rainfall patterns of an El Niño, said Douglas Morton, an Earth system scientist based at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. The pattern begins along the equator with drought and peat fires in Indonesia, followed by elevated fire activity in this part of the Amazon. Morton and colleagues from the University of California, Irvine; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; and the University of Maryland detailed the pattern in a 2017 study following the destructive fire season that accompanied the 2015–2016 El Niño. They also saw the pattern play out in 2023.

A swell of fire in the tropics riding the 2026 El Niño has followed the pattern. Drought, fire, and smoke have smothered parts of Indonesia since August, with hundreds of homes razed in October and thick smoke blanketing whole islands most days. “Now, in the Amazon, we’re seeing the second domino in the cascade fall,” Morton said, referring to the uptick in fires that has begun in Pará and Amazonas.

Morton and his colleagues expect the next wave of fire to hit farther north in November and December in the Brazilian states of Roraima, northern Pará, and Amapá, as well as parts of Venezuela, Guyana, and Suriname. Finally, around August and September 2027, he said, drought and fire risk will peak in the southern Amazon regions of Brazil and Paraguay.

“It’s so striking—and frustrating—that this is happening all over again,” said Morton, adding that many of the same forests that burned during the El Niño events in 2023 and 2015 are burning again. Forest fires in these rainforests are known to cause especially serious ecological damage because most species are not adapted to fire. It’s likely that some of the forest fires will burn even more intensely this time because the earlier fires partially charred trees, degrading the forest and making what remained more susceptible to burning, he added.

Morton expects the fires around Santarém and Manaus to continue burning until the rainy season arrives in December 2026 or January 2027. For the regions to the north and south, there is still time to prepare. “Given the intensity of this El Niño, this really is the year for people to avoid burning at all costs,” Morton said.

It’s so wet in the Brazilian Amazon that lightning ignites less than 1 percent of fires, so the vast majority of fires currently burning there were started by people, Morton said. But this year’s drought, worsened by El Niño, has been intense. Brazil’s National Institute of Meteorology reported that Manaus rainfall levels were 95 percent less than normal in August and 60 percent less than normal in September.

The large fires in this region began as management fires—clearing shrubs from pastures or crops from fields, for instance—but have escaped and are now burning freely through the parched understory of the rainforest, he added. Analysis of satellite observations indicates there are 50 to 70 uncontrolled fires burning in the Santarém region alone, said Shane Coffield, a University of Maryland assistant research scientist at NASA Goddard.

As part of a NASA Earth Action project, Coffield is mining fire observations from VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) to identify fires that didn’t meet the threshold for inclusion in official data products distributed by FIRMS. He plans to share the locations of these “candidate fires” with scientists at MapBiomas, a multi-institutional network comprising universities, NGOs, and technology companies that maps fires and land-use change in the Amazon.

“For the area around Santarém, we’ve identified about 40 percent more fires than you’ll see in active fire counts from FIRMS,” said Coffield. Satellites often miss fires in circumstances like this due to dense smoke, clouds, and tree canopy cover, which can block the sensors from detecting the infrared signal of fires—especially lower-intensity fires spreading along the forest understory. “On some of the smokiest days, we have very few detections from MODIS and VIIRS, and we know that isn’t right.”

NASA Earth Observatory images by Lauren Dauphin, using MODIS data from NASA EOSDIS LANCE and GIBS/Worldview. Story by Adam Voiland.

References & Resources

• Associated Press (2026, October 9) Wildfires in Brazil’s Amazonas state worsen air quality in Manaus. Accessed October 14, 2026.
• Chen, Y., et al. (2026) Tracking recent extremes and interannual variability of global fire emissions using a near-real-time extension to the Global Fire Emissions Database. Earth System Science Data, preprint.
• Chen, Y., et al. (2017) A pan-tropical cascade of fire driven by El Niño/Southern Oscillation. Nature Climate Change, 7, 906–911.
• Coffield, S., et al. (2026) Leveraging additional VIIRS information to improve wildfire tracking in the western US. Remote Sensing of Environment, 115156(334).
• Coffield, S. via Google Earth Engine (2026) Fires project 403015. Accessed October 14, 2026.
• Coffield, S., et al. (2025) Tailored multi-sensor fire detection approaches to better constrain fire dynamics in tropical forests and peatlands. Accessed October 14, 2026.
• Global Fire Emissions Database (2026) Current fire situation. Accessed October 14, 2026.
• INPE (2026, October 13) Queimadas. Accessed October 14, 2026.
• Instituto Socioambiental (2026, October 9) Manaus is experiencing a horizon of smoke. Accessed October 9, 2026.
• Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (2026, April 9) Nota sobre os Destaques Meteorológicos de agosto de 2026. Accessed October 14, 2026.
• MapBiomas (2026) Brasil. Accessed October 14, 2026.
• Ministério Público (October 13, 2026) Boletim de 11 de outubro – Risco atmosférico no Amazonas. Accessed October 14, 2026.
• NASA Fire Information for Resource Management System (October 13, 2026) Lat: -1.061°, Lon: -57.334°. Accessed October 14, 2026.
• NASA Worldview (2026, October 12) Aqua Corrected Reflectance. Accessed October 14, 2026.
• Prefeitura de Manaus (2026, October 12) Nota. Accessed October 14, 2026.
• University of Maryland (2025, December 5) Improving Wildfire Tracking with Satellite Detection. Accessed October 14, 2026.

NASA will preview two upcoming spacewalks to complete solar array installation and power augmentation of the International Space Station during a news conference at 2 p.m. EDT, Tuesday, Oct. 20, from NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston.

NASA will stream the event through a variety of platforms. Learn where to watch online:

https://www.nasa.gov/live

NASA participants in the news conference include:

• Gaurang Patel, operations integration manager, Low Earth Orbit Program
• Garrett Hehn, spacewalk flight director, Flight Operations Directorate

United States-based media interested in attending in person must contact the Johnson newsroom no later than 3 p.m., Monday, Oct. 19, at: jsccommu@mail.nasa.gov. Media joining by phone should request dial-in details by the same deadline. To ask a question, media must dial in no later than 15 minutes before the start of the news conference.

Thursday, Oct. 29

During U.S. spacewalk 100, NASA astronaut Anil Menon and CSA (Canadian Space Agency) astronaut Joshua Kutryk will exit the station’s Quest airlock to install and deploy an International Space Station Roll-Out Solar Array (IROSA) on the 2A electrical power channel. The solar array will be the seventh IROSA and will provide additional power to support critical station operations, including its safe and controlled deorbit.

Thursday, Nov. 5

During U.S. spacewalk 101, Menon and Kutryk will install and deploy the eighth and final IROSA on the 3B channel of the space station, completing the power augmentation upgrades.

The final two roll-out solar arrays will complete the space station’s power system augmentation. Together, the eight roll-out arrays will increase available power by up to 30%, boosting the station’s electric power generation capacity from 160 kilowatts to approximately 215 kilowatts.

NASA will share additional coverage details about U.S. spacewalks 100 and 101 closer to each operation on the agency’s live events web page and the space station blog. The spacewalks will be the 285th and 286th conducted in support of space station assembly, maintenance, and upgrades.

To learn more about International Space Station research, operations, and its crews, visit:

https://www.nasa.gov/station

-end-

Joshua Finch / Jimi Russell
Headquarters, Washington
202-358-1100
joshua.a.finch@nasa.gov / james.j.russell@nasa.gov

Sandra Jones / Anna Schneider
Johnson Space Center, Houston
281-483-5111
sandra.p.jones@nasa.gov / anna.c.schneider@nasa.gov

NASA will preview two upcoming spacewalks to complete solar array installation and power augmentation of the International Space Station during a news conference at 2 p.m. EDT, Tuesday, Oct. 20, from NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston.

NASA will stream the event through a variety of platforms. Learn where to watch online:

https://www.nasa.gov/live

NASA participants in the news conference include:

• Gaurang Patel, operations integration manager, Low Earth Orbit Program
• Garrett Hehn, spacewalk flight director, Flight Operations Directorate

United States-based media interested in attending in person must contact the Johnson newsroom no later than 3 p.m., Monday, Oct. 19, at: jsccommu@mail.nasa.gov. Media joining by phone should request dial-in details by the same deadline. To ask a question, media must dial in no later than 15 minutes before the start of the news conference.

Thursday, Oct. 29

During U.S. spacewalk 100, NASA astronaut Anil Menon and CSA (Canadian Space Agency) astronaut Joshua Kutryk will exit the station’s Quest airlock to install and deploy an International Space Station Roll-Out Solar Array (IROSA) on the 2A electrical power channel. The solar array will be the seventh IROSA and will provide additional power to support critical station operations, including its safe and controlled deorbit.

Thursday, Nov. 5

During U.S. spacewalk 101, Menon and Kutryk will install and deploy the eighth and final IROSA on the 3B channel of the space station, completing the power augmentation upgrades.

The final two roll-out solar arrays will complete the space station’s power system augmentation. Together, the eight roll-out arrays will increase available power by up to 30%, boosting the station’s electric power generation capacity from 160 kilowatts to approximately 215 kilowatts.

NASA will share additional coverage details about U.S. spacewalks 100 and 101 closer to each operation on the agency’s live events web page and the space station blog. The spacewalks will be the 285th and 286th conducted in support of space station assembly, maintenance, and upgrades.

To learn more about International Space Station research, operations, and its crews, visit:

https://www.nasa.gov/station

-end-

Joshua Finch / Jimi Russell
Headquarters, Washington
202-358-1100
joshua.a.finch@nasa.gov / james.j.russell@nasa.gov

Sandra Jones / Anna Schneider
Johnson Space Center, Houston
281-483-5111
sandra.p.jones@nasa.gov / anna.c.schneider@nasa.gov

NASA will preview two upcoming spacewalks to complete solar array installation and power augmentation of the International Space Station during a news conference at 2 p.m. EDT, Tuesday, Oct. 20, from NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston.

NASA will stream the event through a variety of platforms. Learn where to watch online:

https://www.nasa.gov/live

NASA participants in the news conference include:

• Gaurang Patel, operations integration manager, Low Earth Orbit Program
• Garrett Hehn, spacewalk flight director, Flight Operations Directorate

United States-based media interested in attending in person must contact the Johnson newsroom no later than 3 p.m., Monday, Oct. 19, at: jsccommu@mail.nasa.gov. Media joining by phone should request dial-in details by the same deadline. To ask a question, media must dial in no later than 15 minutes before the start of the news conference.

Thursday, Oct. 29

During U.S. spacewalk 100, NASA astronaut Anil Menon and CSA (Canadian Space Agency) astronaut Joshua Kutryk will exit the station’s Quest airlock to install and deploy an International Space Station Roll-Out Solar Array (IROSA) on the 2A electrical power channel. The solar array will be the seventh IROSA and will provide additional power to support critical station operations, including its safe and controlled deorbit.

Thursday, Nov. 5

During U.S. spacewalk 101, Menon and Kutryk will install and deploy the eighth and final IROSA on the 3B channel of the space station, completing the power augmentation upgrades.

The final two roll-out solar arrays will complete the space station’s power system augmentation. Together, the eight roll-out arrays will increase available power by up to 30%, boosting the station’s electric power generation capacity from 160 kilowatts to approximately 215 kilowatts.

NASA will share additional coverage details about U.S. spacewalks 100 and 101 closer to each operation on the agency’s live events web page and the space station blog. The spacewalks will be the 285th and 286th conducted in support of space station assembly, maintenance, and upgrades.

To learn more about International Space Station research, operations, and its crews, visit:

https://www.nasa.gov/station

-end-

Joshua Finch / Jimi Russell
Headquarters, Washington
202-358-1100
joshua.a.finch@nasa.gov / james.j.russell@nasa.gov

Sandra Jones / Anna Schneider
Johnson Space Center, Houston
281-483-5111
sandra.p.jones@nasa.gov / anna.c.schneider@nasa.gov

Editor’s Note: This article was updated Thursday, Oct. 15, 2026, to reflect a change to the event start time.

Students in Florida will hear from NASA astronauts Jessica Watkins and Luke Delaney as they answer prerecorded STEM questions while aboard the International Space Station.

The Earth-to-space call will begin at 12:30 p.m. EDT Friday, Oct. 16, and will stream live on the agency’s Learn With NASA YouTube channel.

This event is hosted by Sally Ride Elementary School in Orlando, Florida, for students in grades K-12, and the community. This unique opportunity aims to deepen understanding of space exploration and enhance awareness of STEM careers.

Media interested in covering the event must RSVP no later than 5 p.m. EDT, Thursday, Oct. 15, to Jenny Morgan at (407) 858-3100, or at jenny.morgan@ocps.net.

For more than 25 years, people have lived and worked continuously aboard the International Space Station, advancing scientific knowledge and making research breakthroughs not possible on Earth. The space station helps NASA understand and overcome the challenges of human spaceflight, expand commercial opportunities in low Earth orbit, and build on the foundation for long-duration missions to the Moon, as part of the Artemis program, and to Mars.

For more information on NASA in-flight calls, visit:

https://www.nasa.gov/stemonstation

Editor’s Note: This article was updated Thursday, Oct. 15, 2026, to reflect a change to the event start time.

Students in Florida will hear from NASA astronauts Jessica Watkins and Luke Delaney as they answer prerecorded STEM questions while aboard the International Space Station.

The Earth-to-space call will begin at 12:30 p.m. EDT Friday, Oct. 16, and will stream live on the agency’s Learn With NASA YouTube channel.

This event is hosted by Sally Ride Elementary School in Orlando, Florida, for students in grades K-12, and the community. This unique opportunity aims to deepen understanding of space exploration and enhance awareness of STEM careers.

Media interested in covering the event must RSVP no later than 5 p.m. EDT, Thursday, Oct. 15, to Jenny Morgan at (407) 858-3100, or at jenny.morgan@ocps.net.

For more than 25 years, people have lived and worked continuously aboard the International Space Station, advancing scientific knowledge and making research breakthroughs not possible on Earth. The space station helps NASA understand and overcome the challenges of human spaceflight, expand commercial opportunities in low Earth orbit, and build on the foundation for long-duration missions to the Moon, as part of the Artemis program, and to Mars.

For more information on NASA in-flight calls, visit:

https://www.nasa.gov/stemonstation

Editor’s Note: This article was updated Thursday, Oct. 15, 2026, to reflect a change to the event start time.

Students in Florida will hear from NASA astronauts Jessica Watkins and Luke Delaney as they answer prerecorded STEM questions while aboard the International Space Station.

The Earth-to-space call will begin at 12:30 p.m. EDT Friday, Oct. 16, and will stream live on the agency’s Learn With NASA YouTube channel.

This event is hosted by Sally Ride Elementary School in Orlando, Florida, for students in grades K-12, and the community. This unique opportunity aims to deepen understanding of space exploration and enhance awareness of STEM careers.

Media interested in covering the event must RSVP no later than 5 p.m. EDT, Thursday, Oct. 15, to Jenny Morgan at (407) 858-3100, or at jenny.morgan@ocps.net.

For more than 25 years, people have lived and worked continuously aboard the International Space Station, advancing scientific knowledge and making research breakthroughs not possible on Earth. The space station helps NASA understand and overcome the challenges of human spaceflight, expand commercial opportunities in low Earth orbit, and build on the foundation for long-duration missions to the Moon, as part of the Artemis program, and to Mars.

For more information on NASA in-flight calls, visit:

https://www.nasa.gov/stemonstation

Astronomers have used NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory to break down the cause of a remarkable formation of radio waves they have nicknamed the “Treble Clef” because its distinct shape strongly resembles the musical symbol.

The researchers discovered the Treble Clef is likely caused by an outburst from a supermassive black hole, followed by a collision of two galaxy clusters. A paper describing the findings, led by Andrea Botteon of the National Institute for Astrophysics, or INAF, in Italy, published Wednesday in the Astronomy & Astrophysics journal.

An explanation for the Treble Clef has been particularly difficult to find because the formation lies almost directly behind the plane of the Milky Way, meaning that stars, gas, and dust from our home galaxy largely block the view from Earth. However, by using telescopes that can peer through the intervening material, a team of researchers was able to identify what is responsible for this uncommon structure.

NASA’s Chandra and the German Extended RÖntgen Survey with an Imaging Telescope Array (eROSITA) X-ray telescope found diffuse, hot gas at the location of the Treble Clef, showing that a galaxy cluster hosts the object. The researchers also determined the galaxy cluster is, in fact, two clusters in the process of merging. Galaxy clusters are some of the largest structures in the universe, containing hundreds of individual galaxies and huge reservoirs of superheated gas.

This new composite image of the Treble Clef and its cluster shows the multimillion-degree gas detected in X-rays by Chandra and eROSITA in blue, with some of the Chandra data derived from a special technique the authors used to highlight important features in the Chandra data. Radio data shown in red from the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR), a large network of radio telescopes in Europe reveals the doppelganger of the musical notation. The final piece of the combined image comes from infrared data obtained by the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope, appearing mostly white.

The authors concluded that the Treble Clef likely formed in a two-stage process. First, an earlier outburst from a supermassive black hole in the galaxy cluster’s center drove clouds of charged particles and magnetic fields away at close to the speed of light. This led to a type of cosmic crescendo and initially produced bright radio waves that later faded as the particles lost energy. Next, the collision between the two clusters compressed or reenergized the cloud, which became brighter again in radio waves. Shock waves — similar to the sonic booms from supersonic jets — from the collision may have played a role in this reenergizing process.

To reveal evidence for the cluster collision in the Chandra data, the authors used a special technique that examined how much the cluster’s hot gas deviates from a symmetrical shape. Most of the hot gas is symmetrical and shaped approximately like an oval. The authors removed this symmetrical oval shape from the original X-ray image. The remaining X-ray emission in the residual image shows t is brightest on the left and right, and faintest in the center. The new composite image combines both the original X-ray and the residual X-ray images.

The brighter X-rays in the residual image, toward the left and right of the cluster’s center, imply that the collision between the two clusters likely occurred along the left-right direction as seen in the image. The researchers think the direct collision between the two clusters occurred a few hundred million years ago, and the clusters are now moving away from each other.

The resemblance to a treble clef is a case of pareidolia, the phenomenon when people see familiar shapes in random data, since there is no scientific connection to the musical notation.

NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, manages the Chandra program. The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory’s Chandra X-ray Center controls science operations from Cambridge, Massachusetts, and flight operations from Burlington, Massachusetts.

To learn more about Chandra, visit:

https://nasa.gov/chandra

Visual Description

This release features a composite image of a remarkable radio wave formation that strongly resembles a treble clef musical symbol, hovering in the midst of two colliding galaxy clusters.

Here, galaxies in the galaxy clusters, plus foreground and background stars and galaxies, blanket the image with specks of light set against the blackness of space. At the center of the frame is a large, oval, blue-purple cloud with ragged edges. This is a multimillion-degree gas cloud in the two clusters detected in X-rays by Chandra and eROSITA, the Extended RÖntgen Survey with an Imaging Telescope Array.

In the middle of the purple field, tilting slightly to our left, is what appears to be a giant treble clef, loosely drawn with a neon pink marker. Like the musical notation for which it’s named, the formation has a strong vertical stroke with a continuous, fluid line swooping back and forth as it moves from top to bottom.

This radio wave formation appears to be the result of a two-stage process. First, charged particles and magnetic fields were driven from a supermassive black hole, producing bright radio waves. Those waves faded and lost energy over time, before being reenergized and compressed when the two galaxy clusters collided.

18 ottobre 1841. Nella stazione ferroviaria di Exeter, in Inghilterra, un treno con partenza prevista alle 22:05 rimane fermo per 16 minuti. A causare il ritardo è un’improvvisa anomalia del sistema telegrafico utilizzato dagli operatori per comunicare il “via libera” al transito dei treni. Per oltre un secolo, questo episodio, descritto in un articolo pubblicato nel 1871 su Nature, è stato considerato il più antico caso documentato di interferenza del meteo spaziale sulle infrastrutture tecnologiche umane.

Una nuova indagine condotta da un team di ricerca della Lancaster University ha ora dimostrato che la ricostruzione riportata in quella pubblicazione contiene un errore fondamentale: nel 1841 quella linea ferroviaria non esisteva ancora. Incrociando documenti d’archivio, orari d’epoca dei treni riportati nei giornali locali e registrazioni geomagnetiche, i ricercatori hanno scoperto che l’evento si verificò in realtà il 18 ottobre del 1848, esattamente sette anni dopo rispetto alla data riportata sulla rivista scientifica britannica, probabilmente a causa di un refuso tipografico. I risultati sono pubblicati nella rivista Space Weather.

La meteorologia spaziale studia le condizioni ambientali nello spazio vicino alla Terra, con particolare attenzione ai fenomeni generati dall’attività solare – come i brillamenti e le espulsioni di massa coronali – e ai loro effetti sul campo magnetico terrestre. Negli ultimi due secoli, l’impatto di questi fenomeni sulla società è cresciuto di pari passo con il progresso tecnologico e con lo sviluppo delle infrastrutture moderne. Per millenni, l’attività solare ha influenzato la Terra, manifestandosi soprattutto attraverso le spettacolari e innocue aurore polari. La nascita delle prime infrastrutture elettriche e di comunicazione nell’Ottocento ha però cambiato radicalmente questo scenario.

È celebre ed emblematico, in questo ambito, l’evento di Carrington-Hodgson del 1859, considerato una delle tempeste geomagnetiche più intense documentate nella letteratura scientifica. È stato associato al brillamento solare più potente mai registrato. Sebbene all’epoca la tempesta solare abbia causato diffuse interruzioni del funzionamento dei sistemi telegrafici elettrici, l’evento non fu il primo caso documentato di interferenza tra l’attività solare e le infrastrutture tecnologiche. Sulla base delle testimonianze storiche disponibili, fino a oggi si riteneva che il primato spettasse all’evento di Exeter del 1841. La nuova indagine condotta dal team di ricerca guidato da James A. Wild, ricercatore alla Lancaster University, ha però messo in luce numerose incongruenze.

La vicenda trae origine da un articolo anonimo pubblicato nel numero di Nature del 5 ottobre 1871. Secondo quanto riportato nel documento, la sera del 18 ottobre 1841 il treno espresso delle 22:05 in partenza da Exeter verso Starcross, nel sud-ovest dell’Inghilterra, sarebbe stato trattenuto per 16 minuti a causa di intense perturbazioni magnetiche che hanno impedito ai controllori di verificare se il binario fosse libero. Il racconto includeva perfino una nota del capostazione, convinto che «qualcuno stesse giocando uno scherzo agli strumenti, impedendo loro di funzionare».

Come anticipato, se fosse veritiero, l’episodio rappresenterebbe il primo caso documentato di interferenza del meteo spaziale con un sistema tecnologico. Tuttavia, il riesame della documentazione storica da parte del gruppo di ricerca ha dimostrato che la data riportata nell’articolo è errata.

«Questa ricerca evidenzia che il meteo spaziale non è una minaccia nuova, ma un rischio naturale presente da molto tempo», dice Jim Wild, ricercatore alla Lancaster University e primo autore dello studio. «La società sperimenta gli effetti della meteorologia spaziale sulla tecnologia fin dall’epoca in cui esistono le tecnologie elettriche. Il ritardo del treno a Exeter è una vicenda affascinante, perché si colloca proprio nel momento in cui le tecnologie emergenti cominciarono a confrontarsi con le condizioni dell’ambiente spaziale. Combinando documenti d’archivio e osservazioni scientifiche, siamo riusciti a dimostrare che l’evento si verificò quasi certamente nel 1848, anziché nel 1841».

Vediamo più nel dettaglio come si è arrivati a questa conclusione. Il primo indizio è emerso dai documenti relativi alla costruzione della linea ferroviaria. La ferrovia che collegava le cittadine di Exeter e Plymouth, spiegano i ricercatori, fu originariamente costruita e gestita dalla South Devon Railway Company. All’epoca della sua costruzione, la linea impiegava un innovativo sistema di propulsione che utilizzava aria compressa per spingere i treni. Dalle indagini documentali, risulta che la legge del Parlamento per la costruzione della ferrovia ottenne l’approvazione solo nel luglio del 1844 (South Devon Railway Act, 1844). Inoltre, la ferrovia fu costruita a tappe: il primo tratto della linea, tra la città di Exeter e la cittadina di Teignmouth, fu inaugurato e aperto al pubblico il 30 maggio del 1846. Nel 1841, dunque, la linea non esisteva e nessun treno avrebbe potuto percorrerla. Il treno citato nella pubblicazione non avrebbe potuto circolare in quell’anno. Pertanto, l’articolo di Nature non può essere accurato.

Un’ulteriore conferma che l’evento non si è verificato nel 1841 arriva dall’analisi degli orari ferroviari. Per risalire alla data corretta, i ricercatori hanno infatti consultato i quadri orari pubblicati sui quotidiani locali dell’epoca, individuando un’incongruenza nella datazione originaria. Le 22:05 erano infatti l’orario di partenza del treno serale da Exeter verso Starcross solo in un intervallo temporale ben preciso, compreso tra l’11 marzo 1848 e il 26 luglio 1849.

Ma è dall’esame dei magnetogrammi d’epoca dell’Osservatorio di Greenwich che emerge la prova decisiva della data effettiva dell’evento. Esaminati dai ricercatori, i tracciati rivelano una violenta tempesta geomagnetica proprio nella fascia oraria compresa tra le 22:00 e le 22:20, ora locale, del 18 ottobre 1848. I taccuini dell’astronomo e matematico Temple Chevallier, custoditi dalla Royal Astronomical Society, documentano che, nello stesso giorno, lo scienziato osservò e disegnò un imponente gruppo di macchie solari situato sotto l’equatore solare. Nelle stesse settimane, inoltre, diversi quotidiani riferirono di aurore boreali visibili in tutta Europa, compresa l’Italia, dove il fisico Carlo Matteucci registrò interruzioni delle comunicazioni telegrafiche tra Firenze e Pisa.

Utilizzando le informazioni contestuali e gli orari ferroviari per circoscrivere l’indagine a un periodo di quattro mesi del 1848, i ricercatori hanno individuato osservazioni solari, registrazioni geomagnetiche e testimonianze riportate dalla stampa dell’epoca che indicano un periodo di intensa attività meteorologica spaziale nel Regno Unito intorno al 18 ottobre 1848. Data, questa, che corrisponde esattamente al giorno e al mese indicati nell’articolo di Nature, ma sette anni più tardi. Tutte queste evidenze porterebbero a concludere che l’evento di Exeter non si verificò nel 1841, bensì nel 1848. Secondo gli autori dello studio, la data riportata nell’articolo di Nature sarebbe frutto di un refuso tipografico nel testo originale, che trasformò il “1848” in “1841”. Un errore non raro nelle pubblicazioni dell’epoca.

La rettifica della data dell’episodio di Exeter modifica la cronologia del primo caso documentato di interferenza tra la meteorologia spaziale e la tecnologia. Il primato passa ora a un evento del 19 marzo 1847 –  descritto da William Henry Barlow nella rivista Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, nel numero 139 del 1849 –  durante il quale le perturbazioni geomagnetiche bloccarono il sistema telegrafico della Midland Railway nei pressi di Derby, in Inghilterra. Ciononostante, l’episodio di Exeter rimane uno dei più antichi esempi conosciuti degli effetti della meteorologia spaziale sulle infrastrutture tecnologiche, verificatosi oltre un decennio prima del celebre evento di Carrington del 1859, che provocò diffuse interruzioni dei sistemi telegrafici.

Questo studio evidenzia l’importanza di utilizzare un’ampia varietà di fonti documentali e bibliografiche per valutare e confrontare le testimonianze storiche sugli eventi di meteorologia spaziale e sui loro effetti sulla società, concludono i ricercatori. Nei casi in cui la letteratura scientifica dell’epoca si è rivelata poco attendibile – e non mancano gli esempi – le testimonianze  pubblicate sui giornali locali dell’epoca si sono dimostrate preziosissime, soprattutto se confrontate con le osservazioni scientifiche conservate negli archivi.

Per saperne di più:

• Leggi su Space Weather l’articolo “Did Space Weather Delay the 10:05 p.m. Train Departure From Exeter on 18 October 1841?” di James A. Wild, Ciaran D. Beggan, David H. Boteler, William B. Cade III, Brett A. Cartere  Michael Hapgood

The exhaust plumes of a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket carrying the company’s Dragon spacecraft are seen illuminated by sunlight against the predawn sky during the launch of NASA’s SpaceX CRS-35 mission, Tuesday, Oct. 13, 2026, as seen from Cocoa Beach, Florida. The light makes the plumes look like a jellyfish in the sky.

Sunlight illuminates the exhaust plumes of a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket carrying the company’s Dragon spacecraft on Oct. 13, 2026. This visual phenomenon is known as a “jellyfish”; it happens near sunrise or sunset when the exhaust plume from the rocket becomes brightly illuminated, creating a glowing shape resembling a jellyfish.

The mission lifted off at 6:33 a.m. EDT from Space Launch Complex 40 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, carrying scientific investigations, supplies, and equipment to the International Space Station on SpaceX’s 35th commercial resupply services mission for NASA. The rocket’s exhaust plumes were visible across the eastern United States.

Watch the uncrewed Dragon spacecraft rendezvous with and dock to the International Space Station on Oct. 15. Coverage begins at 9:15 a.m. EDT.

Image credit: NASA/John Kraus

If you’ve ever had your car start sluggishly, or not at all, on a particularly frigid winter morning, you know standard batteries do not like extreme cold. That’s why NASA researchers are working to develop a battery that could function in the brutal cold of the Moon’s South Pole, where nighttime temperatures plunge to minus 328 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 200 Celsius). 

For future lunar operations, a battery will need to work immediately when warmed up and be able to power everything from an astronaut’s emergency kit to a rover capable of exploring the Moon’s darkest craters — all without posing a fire hazard. 

A team of NASA researchers is working to make all that happen. The project is called Solid Power for Extreme Environment Adaptability and Resilience in Space (SPEARS), and it could provide NASA with an important tool to help power humanity’s sustained presence on the Moon through the Artemis campaign. 

“Batteries have become an important part of our lives here on Earth, which enable our laptops, cell phones, power tools, and even our vehicles,” said Donald Dornbusch, principal investigator for SPEARS at NASA’s Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, where the project is led. “We will need them on the Moon, too, and these batteries will be required to operate reliably and safely in this harsh environment. That’s why we’re working on this technology.” 

Splashy problem, solid solution

Traditional lithium-ion batteries like those in your cell phone and laptop have a critical weakness: they rely on liquid electrolytes. Cool a conventional battery to the Moon’s nighttime temperatures, and that liquid would freeze, potentially damaging the battery. Heat it up too much — say, to daytime lunar temperatures of 212 F (100 C) — and it won’t work until cooled. Expose the liquid to the vacuum of space, and it evaporates. 

SPEARS batteries solve these problems by replacing the liquid electrolyte with a solid ceramic- or polymer-based material. This change could unlock several advantages. First and foremost, they could operate in the heat and extreme cold. 

During recent thermal vacuum testing at NASA’s Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia, small prototype battery cells operated well up to 176 F (80 C), down to minus 76 F (minus 60 C), and with slightly reduced performance down to minus 112 F (minus 80 C). 

“We proved for the first time that these cells can work down to minus 80 degrees Celsius,” said Yi Lin, SPEARS testing and research lead at NASA Langley.  

Lin also said he’s confident they can improve performance and maybe even expand that range in coming years. 

The batteries need to remain reliable through exposure to the Moon’s wild temperature swings between day and night. The thermal vacuum testing showed that after exposure to temperature extremes from 212 F (100 C) to minus 274 F (minus 170 C), SPEARS batteries don’t sustain damage.  

Not even solid-state batteries will function while they’re at a temperature as low as minus 274 F, but because solid electrolytes don’t freeze like a liquid, the batteries can survive the extreme low temperatures.  

In order to get the batteries working again after exposure to such cold, small heaters come into play. SPEARS batteries wouldn’t need to be kept warm all the time, just warmed up to operational temperature. That could reduce the need for heavy thermal management systems in spacecraft and lunar habitats, allowing for lighter designs, lower costs, and longer mission durations. 

Power for Moon, Earth

The applications for these solid-state batteries are nearly limitless, from small tools like drills that must operate in shadowed lunar craters, to rovers and emergency power packs for astronauts. They also could provide power solutions for long-duration scientific instruments. 

“We can tune the chemistry by using different electrode materials,” said Lin. “Just like the chemistry in your earbuds is different from the chemistry in your phone, which is different from the chemistry in your car, all these chemistries can still function with a solid electrolyte. We can tune for energy, tune for power, tune for durability, depending on the application.” 

While SPEARS is designed for space, the technology could be spun off into Earth-based applications. In fact, SPEARS evolved out of a previous battery project Lin and Dornbusch worked on that focused on aeronautic applications. 

“The potential market for solid-state batteries is very broad,” said Ji Su, a polymer materials scientist and the task lead at NASA Langley. “Automobiles, cell phones, communication devices, drones — anything that needs a portable power supply.” 

The SPEARS project began in 2026 with funding through the Advanced Research and Technology division within the agency’s Research and Technology Mission Directorate. The project is set to focus on technology development in its first stages before potentially shifting toward commercial collaboration. NASA’s Ames Research Center in California’s Silicon Valley is working to develop flight hardware such as test boards and electronics to help prepare the SPEARS batteries for spaceflight and test them in space environments. 

Una chiave di violino cosmica è al centro della nuova immagine composita rilasciata dall’osservatorio a raggi X Chandra della Nasa. A disegnarne la forma del caratteristico simbolo musicale sono le onde radio osservate da Lofar (Low Frequency Array), una rete di decine di migliaia di antenne distribuite in Europa, mentre i raggi X dei telescopi spaziali Chandra ed eRosita rivelano il gas caldo dell’ammasso di galassie che la ospita. Completano l’immagine le osservazioni nell’infrarosso.

La nuova immagine composita si basa sulle osservazioni analizzate nello studio pubblicato recentemente su Astronomy & Astrophysics e guidato da Andrea Botteon, con Marisa Brienza come seconda autrice, entrambi dell’Istituto di radioastronomia (Ira) dell’Inaf di Bologna. Il lavoro è firmato da un gruppo internazionale e comprende anche contributi di altri membri dell’Ira e dell’Istituto di astrofisica spaziale e fisica cosmica dell’Inaf di Milano.

Il lavoro combina dati radio delle survey Lofar LoTss-Dr3 e LoLss-Dr2, quest’ultima di prossima pubblicazione, con nuove osservazioni del radiotelescopio indiano uGmrt e nei raggi X di Chandra. A questi si aggiungono dati nei raggi X di eRosita e nel vicino infrarosso di UkIrt, alle Hawaii. Il gruppo ha così caratterizzato per la prima volta l’ammasso che ospita la radiosorgente e ha indagato l’origine di quest’ultima, soprannominata Treble Clef, “chiave di violino”, appunto.

Operazione non facile questa, a causa della sua posizione: la sorgente si trova in una direzione in cui il nostro sguardo attraversa il disco della Via Lattea: stelle, gas e polveri presenti lungo questa linea di vista ostacolano fortemente le osservazioni dalla Terra e in particolare nella luce visibile. È stato quindi fondamentale combinare le osservazioni radio della sorgente con quelle spaziali nell’infrarosso, utili a individuare le galassie dell’ammasso, e nei raggi X, che ne rivelano il gas caldo.

Chandra e il telescopio tedesco per raggi X eRosita (Extended Röntgen Survey with an Imaging Telescope Array) hanno rilevato gas caldo e diffuso in corrispondenza della Treble Clef, confermandone l’associazione con un ammasso di galassie. L’analisi ha inoltre stabilito che il sistema è in realtà composto da due ammassi in fase di fusione (merging). Gli ammassi di galassie sono tra le più grandi strutture dell’universo: possono contenere centinaia o migliaia di galassie e immense riserve di gas a temperature di milioni di gradi.

La nuova immagine composita mostra in blu il gas a temperature di milioni di gradi rilevato nei raggi X dai telescopi spaziali Chandra ed eRosita. Una parte dei dati di Chandra è stata elaborata con una tecnica specifica per mettere in risalto alcune caratteristiche dell’emissione. In rosso sono invece rappresentate le osservazioni radio di Lofar. Completano l’immagine, i dati nell’infrarosso dello United Kingdom Infrared Telescope, rappresentati prevalentemente in bianco.

L’indagine è partita proprio dall’insolita struttura radio della sorgente. «Mentre esaminavamo i dati della survey LoTss-Dr3, ha attirato la nostra attenzione una sorgente brillante e ricca di filamenti», racconta Andrea Botteon. «Comprenderne l’origine, però, era difficile perché mancavano osservazioni complementari. Il primo passo è stato quindi proporre nuove osservazioni con il radiotelescopio uGmrt. La proposta è stata accettata e i nuovi dati hanno mostrato che l’emissione radio diminuisce rapidamente al crescere della frequenza: una caratteristica che descriviamo come uno spettro radio ripido. Insieme alla sua forma particolare, questo suggeriva che la sorgente fosse una “fenice radio” in un ammasso di galassie, un’interpretazione che abbiamo confermato analizzando nuove osservazioni nei raggi X».

Il nome “fenice radio” richiama un’emissione che torna a brillare dopo essersi affievolita. Secondo lo scenario proposto nello studio, la Treble Clef si sarebbe infatti formata in due fasi. Inizialmente, un buco nero supermassiccio, probabilmente ospitato nella galassia più brillante dell’ammasso, avrebbe espulso plasma a velocità prossime a quella della luce. Le particelle cariche del plasma, muovendosi nei campi magnetici, avrebbero prodotto emissione radio di sincrotrone, poi affievolitasi man mano che perdevano energia.

Successivamente, la collisione dell’ammasso che ospita la sorgente con un altro ammasso di galassie avrebbe “ravvivato” l’emissione radio, fornendo nuova energia alle particelle e/o amplificando i campi magnetici. Anche le onde d’urto generate dalla collisione — simili a quelle che producono i boati degli aerei supersonici — potrebbero aver contribuito a questo processo.

Per cercare indizi della collisione, il gruppo ha analizzato le irregolarità nella distribuzione del gas caldo osservato da Chandra. Dall’immagine nei raggi X è stato sottratto un modello ovale e simmetrico che descrive la distribuzione della maggior parte del gas dell’ammasso. Nell’immagine residua emergono così due zone di emissione più intensa, a sinistra e a destra di una regione centrale più debole. Questa disposizione suggerisce che la collisione sia avvenuta prevalentemente lungo la direzione destra-sinistra nell’immagine. Secondo lo scenario proposto, lo scontro tra i due ammassi risalirebbe a qualche centinaio di milioni di anni fa e i due sistemi starebbero ora allontanandosi l’uno dall’altro.

Se le osservazioni permettono di ricostruire la storia fisica della sorgente, la sua forma lascia spazio anche all’immaginazione. La chiave di violino che le ha dato il soprannome non è l’unica figura riconoscibile: nella stessa struttura radio si può intravedere anche un drago gallese visto di profilo. Entrambe le somiglianze sono esempi di pareidolia, il fenomeno che ci porta a riconoscere figure familiari in ciò che osserviamo.

Per saperne di più:

• Leggi su Astronomy & Astrophysics l’articolo “The Treble Clef radio phoenix and its old nonthermal filaments”, di A. Botteon, M. Brienza, K. Rajpurohit, N. Lyskova, E. Churazov, I. Khabibullin, T. Pasini, E. O’Sullivan, G. Brunetti, F. De Gasperin, E. De Rubeis, F. Gastaldello, D. N. Hoang, R. Kraft, G. Schellenberger, R. Sunyaev, R. J. van Weeren e F. Vazza

 

NASA will provide an update on its plans to return American astronauts to the surface of the Moon by 2028 at 2 p.m. EDT, Friday, Oct. 23, at the agency’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida.

Learn where to watch online:

https://www.nasa.gov/live

Participants in the briefing include:

• NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman
• NASA Associate Administrator Amit Kshatriya
• Jeremy Parsons, NASA’s Artemis program manager

The update will include details about NASA’s Artemis III mission that will send four astronauts to low Earth orbit next year to test critical systems needed for future lunar landings, and how plans to return American astronauts to the Moon by 2028 are progressing.

U.S. media interested in attending in person must apply online by 12 p.m., Friday, Oct. 16. To ask questions remotely, media must request the dial-in number from the Kennedy newsroom no later than one hour prior to the start of the update by emailing: ksc-newsroom@mail.nasa.gov. NASA’s media accreditation policy is online. 

As part of a Golden Age of innovation and exploration, NASA will send Artemis astronauts on increasingly difficult missions near the lunar South Pole to explore more of the Moon than ever before. In addition to providing economic benefits and advancing scientific discovery through its Moon missions, NASA will establish an enduring human presence on the lunar surface and build on the agency’s foundation for the first crewed mission to Mars.

Learn more about Artemis:

https://www.nasa.gov/artemis

-end-

Rachel Kraft
Headquarters, Washington
202-358-1600
rachel.h.kraft@nasa.gov

Tiffany Fairley
Kennedy Space Center, Fla.
321-867-2468
tiffany.l.fairley@nasa.gov

Gli ammassi stellari sono sistemi dinamici estremamente complessi e affascinanti. Cosa li rende così complicati? Innanzitutto, l’evoluzione sia dinamica sia fisica delle loro stelle. Stelle di massa diversa hanno tempi di vita differenti: quelle più massicce possono terminare la propria evoluzione esplodendo come supernove, mentre quelle di piccola massa stanno ancora evolvendo verso la “maturità” della sequenza principale. Inoltre, le stelle si muovono rapidamente all’interno dell’ammasso scambiando energia, precipitando verso il centro o “evaporando” man mano che si allontanano. A complicare il quadro interviene l’interazione tra gli ammassi e il loro ambiente circostante: altri ammassi stellari, nebulose e l’intera Via Lattea con il suo potenziale gravitazionale.

Tutto questo lascia impronte indelebili nella configurazione spaziale e dinamica che osserviamo oggi negli ammassi. Impronte che in questi anni siamo in grado di analizzare con grande precisione grazie al satellite Gaia dell’Agenzia spaziale europea. Il catalogo di osservazioni di Gaia contiene infatti informazioni accurate sulla posizione e sulla dinamica delle stelle, integrate da dati spettroscopici che permettono di risalire alla natura delle stelle. Analizzati con cura, i dati di Gaia permettono di ottenere un quadro completo della struttura e della dinamica degli ammassi e delle singole stelle che li compongono.

Un team di ricercatori guidato dall’astrofisica Loredana Prisinzano dell’Inaf di Palermo ha analizzato i dati di Gaia relativi alle stelle nella regione del superammasso Westerlund 1, oggetto del progetto Ewocs, guidato da Mario Guarcello. I ricercatori hanno isolato un campione di 559 stelle dell’ammasso con massa superiore a sette masse solari.

Queste stelle formano due gruppi cinematici distinti: 421 stelle sono ancora gravitazionalmente legate al nucleo dell’ammasso, mentre 103 se ne stanno allontanando (tra cui 14 “walk-away stars” con una velocità di allontanamento maggiore delle altre). I due gruppi si muovono con velocità diverse: la dispersione delle loro velocità è di circa 5 km/s per il primo gruppo e di 10-14 km/s per il secondo.

L’espansione dell’ammasso è asimmetrica, come già dimostrato in altri studi pubblicati di recente. Tuttavia, l’analisi dei dati di Gaia ha permesso di stabilire che la regione esterna di Westerlund 1 è allungata in direzione perpendicolare al piano della Via Lattea, subendo una distorsione probabilmente causata dalle forze mareali della nostra galassia. Inoltre, il suo tempo di espansione cinematica (2.08 milioni di anni) corrisponde al momento in cui Westerlund 1 ha attraversato il piano galattico (2.1 milioni di anni fa). Tra i diversi fattori che potrebbero spiegare tale evoluzione dinamica, questa coincidenza temporale suggerisce una possibile conseguenza dell’interazione avvenuta circa due milioni di anni fa tra Westerlund 1 e la materia (stelle e nebulose) che popola il piano della Via Lattea.

«Questo studio è la dimostrazione lampante di come il satellite Gaia sia una vera e propria “macchina da guerra” per lo studio dei moti propri stellari», dice Prisinzano, «e Westerlund 1 ne rappresenta un banco di prova estremo. Situato a oltre 13mila anni luce di distanza e pesantemente oscurato dalle polveri interstellari, è un oggetto per il quale le parallassi misurate da Gaia presentano incertezze troppo elevate per fornire distanze precise. Tuttavia, la qualità dei moti propri rimane impressionante. È proprio grazie a queste piccolissime incertezze nei movimenti trasversali delle stelle che abbiamo potuto identificare i membri dell’ammasso e condurre un’analisi cinematica estremamente accurata. Questo ci ha permesso di svelare non solo le complesse dinamiche di espansione e distorsione di questo superammasso, ma anche di trovare prove evidenti di un processo di dissoluzione in atto».

Per saperne di più:

• Leggi il preprint dell’articolo in uscita su Astronomy & Astrophysics “EWOCS-XI: Anisotropic expansion and shear in the cluster Westerlund 1. A 2D kinematic analysis with Gaia DR3”, di L. Prisinzano, F. Damiani, C. Ordenes-Huanca, M. Tarantino, S. Sciortino, N.J. Wright, V. Almendros-Abad, M. Andersen, A. Bayo, R. Bonito, V. Cusimano, M. Haberle, K. Mužic, I. Negueruela, E. Sabbi, A. Winter e M.G. Guarcello

 

Hurricane Simon, the latest in a long progression of tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific this season, passed close to the Mexican coast as a category 4 storm on October 11, 2026. Sustained winds reached 250 kilometers (155 miles) per hour as it crept north-northwest.

Simon’s eye was about 50 kilometers (30 miles) offshore, between Manzanillo and Puerto Vallarta, when the VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) on the Suomi NPP satellite acquired this image around 2:30 p.m. local time (20:30 Universal Time) on October 11.

By that time, sustained winds were about 210 kilometers (130 miles) per hour, according to the National Hurricane Center (NHC), and the storm’s inner core was brushing up against the coast. The topography of the Sierra Madre mountains appeared to temper the storm’s intensity somewhat and shrink the size of its wind field, the NHC noted. Still, the major hurricane delivered heavy rain and flooding to coastal areas, including the port city of Manzanillo, and raised the risk of mudslides in mountainous areas, according to news reports.

In the early morning hours of October 11, satellites captured the storm’s effects extending into the upper atmosphere. This nighttime image (above), acquired with VIIRS on the NOAA-21 satellite, shows atmospheric gravity waves radiating from the hurricane. These ripples form when latent heat released near the tropical cyclone’s eyewall drives strong convection, building tall cumulonimbus clouds with updrafts that can send waves into the stratosphere and mesosphere.

But these waves are not always observable. Winds in the upper atmosphere can dissipate them before they reach the mesosphere, where they show up as ripples in airglow—faint light emitted by gases at those high altitudes. The VIIRS day-night band is sensitive to airglow but also detects reflected moonlight, which can wash it out. On the night this image was acquired, minimal illumination from the Moon helped the airglow stand out.

On the morning of October 13, forecasts of Simon’s intensity and path remained “very low confidence,” as the storm’s evolution continued to defy meteorologists’ expectations. The system may steer north and enter the Gulf of California before making landfall. Large swells causing dangerous nearshore conditions were expected along portions of the southwestern and west-central coasts of Mexico in the coming days.

NASA Earth Observatory images by Michala Garrison, using VIIRS data from NASA EOSDIS LANCE, GIBS/Worldview, the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership, and the Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS). Story by Lindsey Doermann.

References & Resources

• Hoffmann, L., et al. (2018) Satellite observations of stratospheric gravity waves associated with the intensification of tropical cyclones. Geophysical Research Letters, 45, 1692–1700. 
• NASA (2018, October 22) Why NASA Watches Airglow, the Colors of the (Upper Atmospheric) Wind. Accessed October 13, 2026.
• NASA Earth Observatory (2026, June 1) Gravity Waves From Super Typhoon Sinlaku. Accessed October 13, 2026.
• National Hurricane Center (2026, October 13) Hurricane SIMON Advisory Archive. Accessed October 13, 2026.
• Reuters (2026, October 12) Hurricane Simon crawls along Mexico’s Pacific coast, bringing floods and evacuations. Accessed October 13, 2026.

Three NASA-supported small spacecraft, shown along with many commercial payloads, before being encapsulated in a SpaceX Falcon 9. The rocket launched the payloads into low-Earth orbit at 11:32 a.m. PDT Thursday, Oct. 1, 2026, as part of the company’s Transporter-18 mission from Space Launch Complex 4 East at Vandenberg Space Force Base in California.

NASA’s SpaceX 35th commercial resupply mission lifted off at 6:33 a.m. EDT Tuesday aboard a Falcon 9 rocket from Space Launch Complex 40 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida, carrying more than 6,300 pounds of supplies and hardware, bound for the International Space Station. Following its successful launch, the SpaceX Dragon spacecraft will carry new scientific experiments, cargo, and the final pair of International Space Station Roll-Out Solar Arrays to the orbiting laboratory.

Dragon is scheduled to autonomously dock at 11 a.m., Thursday, Oct. 15, to the space-facing port of the space station’s Harmony module. NASA will stream rendezvous and docking coverage beginning at 9:15 a.m., through a variety of platforms. Learn where to watch online:

https://www.nasa.gov/live

The final pair of solar arrays will complete the space station’s power system augmentation, boosting available electricity for research, operations, and the station’s safe, controlled deorbit. Astronauts will install the arrays during a series of spacewalks planned for later this fall.

Dragon also is delivering several new experiments, including hardware to manufacture artificial retinas in microgravity that could help restore vision for patients on Earth and 3D heart tissue models to advance large-scale drug testing on future space missions. Dragon also will carry materials to study how a new type of glass is formed in microgravity, and brain organoids that could uncover potential treatment targets for neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and multiple sclerosis.

These are just a sample of the hundreds of investigations conducted aboard the orbiting laboratory in the areas of biology and biotechnology, physical sciences, and Earth and space science. Research and technology investigations taking place aboard the space station benefit people on Earth and lay the groundwork for other agency deep space missions. As part of NASA’s Artemis program, the agency will send astronauts to the Moon to prepare for future human exploration of Mars, inspiring the world through discovery in a new Golden Age of innovation and exploration.

The Dragon spacecraft is scheduled to remain at the space station until mid-November when it will depart and return to Earth with time-critical research and cargo, splashing down off the coast of California.

Learn more about the International Space Station, its research, and crew, at:

https://www.nasa.gov/station

-end-

Joshua Finch / Jimi Russell
Headquarters, Washington
202-358-1100
joshua.a.finch@nasa.gov / james.j.russell@nasa.gov

Steven Siceloff
Kennedy Space Center, Fla.
321-876-2468
steven.p.siceloff@nasa.gov

Sandra Jones / Joseph Zakrzewski
Johnson Space Center, Houston
281-483-5111
sandra.p.jones@nasa.gov / joseph.a.zakrzewski@nasa.gov

NASA’s SpaceX 35th commercial resupply mission lifted off at 6:33 a.m. EDT Tuesday aboard a Falcon 9 rocket from Space Launch Complex 40 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida, carrying more than 6,300 pounds of supplies and hardware, bound for the International Space Station. Following its successful launch, the SpaceX Dragon spacecraft will carry new scientific experiments, cargo, and the final pair of International Space Station Roll-Out Solar Arrays to the orbiting laboratory.

Dragon is scheduled to autonomously dock at 11 a.m., Thursday, Oct. 15, to the space-facing port of the space station’s Harmony module. NASA will stream rendezvous and docking coverage beginning at 9:15 a.m., through a variety of platforms. Learn where to watch online:

https://www.nasa.gov/live

The final pair of solar arrays will complete the space station’s power system augmentation, boosting available electricity for research, operations, and the station’s safe, controlled deorbit. Astronauts will install the arrays during a series of spacewalks planned for later this fall.

Dragon also is delivering several new experiments, including hardware to manufacture artificial retinas in microgravity that could help restore vision for patients on Earth and 3D heart tissue models to advance large-scale drug testing on future space missions. Dragon also will carry materials to study how a new type of glass is formed in microgravity, and brain organoids that could uncover potential treatment targets for neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and multiple sclerosis.

These are just a sample of the hundreds of investigations conducted aboard the orbiting laboratory in the areas of biology and biotechnology, physical sciences, and Earth and space science. Research and technology investigations taking place aboard the space station benefit people on Earth and lay the groundwork for other agency deep space missions. As part of NASA’s Artemis program, the agency will send astronauts to the Moon to prepare for future human exploration of Mars, inspiring the world through discovery in a new Golden Age of innovation and exploration.

The Dragon spacecraft is scheduled to remain at the space station until mid-November when it will depart and return to Earth with time-critical research and cargo, splashing down off the coast of California.

Learn more about the International Space Station, its research, and crew, at:

https://www.nasa.gov/station

-end-

Joshua Finch / Jimi Russell
Headquarters, Washington
202-358-1100
joshua.a.finch@nasa.gov / james.j.russell@nasa.gov

Steven Siceloff
Kennedy Space Center, Fla.
321-876-2468
steven.p.siceloff@nasa.gov

Sandra Jones / Joseph Zakrzewski
Johnson Space Center, Houston
281-483-5111
sandra.p.jones@nasa.gov / joseph.a.zakrzewski@nasa.gov

Analizzando un campione di trecento sistemi meglio caratterizzati tra gli oltre mille noti nella Via Lattea, un team internazionale di ricerca guidato dall’Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (Inaf) ha scoperto che i sistemi multi-pianeta finora identificati appartengono a due distinte “famiglie”. Lo studio, pubblicato oggi sulla rivista Nature Astronomy, dimostra per la prima volta l’esistenza di un vero e proprio “legame genetico” tra la stella madre e i suoi pianeti, in grado di determinare la nascita, l’evoluzione dinamica e la futura stabilità dell’intero sistema planetario.

La prima famiglia è composta da sistemi ampi e massicci, spesso con masse totali comprese tra il doppio e dieci volte quelle del Sistema solare, che orbitano attorno a stelle più massicce e ricche di metalli (cioè elementi diversi da idrogeno ed elio) del nostro Sole. La seconda famiglia comprende invece sistemi compatti e a massa inferiore, costituiti da pianeti con masse e dimensioni comparabili tra loro – in una configurazione nota come “piselli in un baccello” (peas-in-a-pod, in inglese) – che orbitano attorno a stelle con massa e metallicità uguali o inferiori a quelle del Sole a distanze che, nella maggioranza dei casi, sono ben più strette di quelle di Mercurio nel Sistema solare.

Per poterle distinguere, le ricercatrici e i ricercatori hanno utilizzato una serie di parametri che consentono di confrontare le caratteristiche di sistemi così diversi tra loro. Per esempio, si è visto che quelli della prima famiglia presentano un’elevata “temperatura dinamica”. Misurata tramite un parametro che quantifica lo scostamento del sistema da una configurazione imperturbata con tutte le orbite circolari e sullo stesso piano,  questa caratteristica è la traccia di un passato segnato da violente instabilità gravitazionali, collisioni giganti ed espulsioni di pianeti. I membri della seconda famiglia, invece, mostrano tracce di storie dinamiche meno violente e più vicine a quella del nostro Sistema solare.

«La domanda fondamentale da cui siamo partiti è stata: cosa determina le caratteristiche dei sistemi planetari come li vediamo oggi? Vengono stabilite alla nascita o sono scolpite dall’evoluzione nel tempo? La verità, alla fine, si è rivelata stare nel mezzo», spiega Diego Turrini, ricercatore dell’Inaf e co-primo autore dell’articolo. «I nostri risultati mostrano che esiste un legame genetico tra i sistemi planetari e le loro stelle e che, in funzione della stella attorno cui nascono, questo legame ne determina anche il destino». Variazioni, anche contenute nell’ambiente di formazione planetaria, dovute alle diverse proprietà stellari, possono cambiare radicalmente la natura del sistema in formazione e la sua evoluzione futura, determinando se questa sia caratterizzata da fasi di marcata instabilità e da impatti giganti.

«La difficoltà principale durante l’analisi dei dati è stata determinare se le due famiglie di sistemi planetari fossero reali o solo un’illusione creata dai limiti tecnologici delle attuali tecniche osservative», aggiunge Camilla Danielski, ricercatrice dell’Università di Valencia precedentemente assegnista di ricerca all’Inaf, co-prima autrice del lavoro. «Alla fine del percorso è diventato chiaro che gli effetti di selezione hanno agito come la punta dell’iceberg, rivelando l’esistenza di diversità ben più profonde e strutturali tra questi sistemi».

Per poter provare questa ipotesi, è stata essenziale anche una serie di simulazioni numeriche che hanno esplorato l’evoluzione di sistemi planetari con diverse condizioni iniziali. «Gli scenari che meglio riproducono le proprietà dinamiche della famiglia di sistemi ampi e massivi sono quelli in cui i sistemi sono instabili fin dalla nascita», sottolinea Danae Polychroni, ricercatrice dell’Inaf che ha seguito questa parte dello studio. «La maggiore abbondanza di materiale da cui formare i pianeti attorno alle loro stelle ospite fa sì che questi nascano troppo grandi, impedendo al sistema di rimanere stabile».

La scoperta chiarisce come l’ambiente stellare nativo influisca direttamente sul destino dei pianeti e sulla sopravvivenza di mondi potenzialmente in grado di ospitare la vita. La conoscenza di questo legame genetico costituisce una chiave di lettura essenziale per orientare la ricerca di architetture planetarie simili al Sistema solare e di pianeti potenzialmente abitabili come la Terra.

Per saperne di più:

• Leggi su Nature Astronomy l’articolo “Two families of multi-planet systems with distinct architectures and stellar hosts”, di Diego Turrini, Camilla Danielski, Danae Polychroni, Robert Przyłuski, Hans Rickman, Diego Bossini, J. M. Diederik Kruijssen, Angelo Zinzi, Simon Goodwin, Steven N. Longmore, Mélanie Chevance e Lise Ramambason. Lo studio, a guida Inaf e supportato dall’International Space Science Institute di Berna tramite il progetto “Transformation of Planetary Systems by Environmental Perturbations” guidato da Diederik Kruijssen, vede la partecipazione di un’ampia collaborazione internazionale, con l’Università di Valencia, l’Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (Asi), il Centrum Badań Kosmicznych Pan, l’Università di Uppsala e diverse università europee.

 

Si trova a 7,5 anni luce di distanza dalla Terra, nella costellazione dell’idra. Ha una massa stimata tra tre e dieci volte quella di Giove, dimensioni pressoché identiche e una temperatura superficiale di circa -8 gradi Celsius. Ma non è né un pianeta né una stella. È Wise 0855, la nana bruna più fredda conosciuta. Grazie a una campagna osservativa condotta con il telescopio spaziale James Webb (Jwst), un team di ricercatori guidato dall’Università dell’Arizona ha studiato l’atmosfera di questo corpo celeste al confine tra una stella e un pianeta. I risultati della ricerca, in uscita su The Astronomical Journal, rivelano una struttura tridimensionale e una chimica complessa, con caratteristiche molto simili a quelle della Terra.

Per giungere a queste conclusioni, il team di astronomi guidato da Brittany Miles, ricercatrice dell’Università dell’Arizona, ha osservato Wise 0855 per 11 ore utilizzando lo spettrografo Nirspec di Jwst, ottenendo uno spettro della luce ogni 15 minuti.

Questa tecnica, nota come “spettroscopia a serie temporale”, permette di seguire le variazioni dello spettro di luce nel tempo e studiare così i cambiamenti nelle caratteristiche dell’atmosfera. L’analisi di questi spettri ha permesso di ottenere ciò che i ricercatori stessi definiscono la ricostruzione più dettagliata mai ottenuta della dinamica atmosferica di Wise 0855, nonché la prima conferma diretta che le nubi d’acqua su un altro corpo celeste cambiano spessore nel tempo, proprio come accade sulla Terra.

I dati di Jwst rivelano infatti che l’atmosfera di Wise 0855 è modellata da due processi distinti che si verificano simultaneamente: ad alte quote, nubi d’acqua si addensano e si diradano con la rotazione dell’oggetto; più in profondità, imponenti moti convettivi rimescolano i gas, richiamando e trasportando verso l’alto molecole provenienti dalle regioni sottostanti.

«È la prima volta che riusciamo a confermare che le nubi d’acqua si assottigliano e si inspessiscono su un mondo vicino», sottolinea Miles. «Prima di Jwst avevamo a disposizione soltanto dati fotometrici, nei quali gli effetti delle nubi, della chimica e della temperatura risultavano inevitabilmente mescolati. Ora siamo finalmente in grado di distinguerli».

Le nane brune sono oggetti celesti troppo massicci per essere pianeti, ma non abbastanza da innescare le reazioni di fusione nucleare che alimentano le stelle. Grazie al calore residuo della loro formazione, tuttavia, emettono una debole radiazione. Per spiegare come questa luce attraversi l’atmosfera e raggiunga lo spazio, portando con sé informazioni sulle caratteristiche di questi oggetti, Mark Marley, direttore del Lunar and Planetary Laboratory dell’Università dell’Arizona e coautore dello studio, ricorre alla metafora di una zanzariera: «I fotoni emessi dal corpo celeste attraversano l’atmosfera e si disperdono nello spazio. Per noi è come guardare il mondo attraverso una zanzariera che lascia filtrare parte della luce. Stiamo imparando a conoscere ciò che si trova da entrambi i lati della zanzariera, ma dobbiamo anche capire com’è fatta la zanzariera stessa».

Nel caso di Wise 0855, in particolare, questa “zanzariera” cambia continuamente. Dalle indagini è emerso, infatti, che mentre la nana bruna ruota su sé stessa, “sfilano” nel campo di vista regioni caratterizzate da coperture nuvolose e temperature differenti, creando un mosaico dinamico di zone più calde e più fredde. La sensibilità dello spettrografo di Jwst ha permesso di tracciare queste variazioni analizzando singole impronte molecolari, un risultato che nessun osservatorio precedente era riuscito a ottenere per un oggetto così freddo.

Oltre alle variazioni di temperatura associate alla rotazione della nana bruna, lo strumento Nirspec ha registrato un segnale ritmico e oscillatorio associato alla presenza di due specifici gas: monossido di carbonio e fosfina. Secondo gli scienziati, non v’è dubbio: il segnale è dovuto al calore interno della nana bruna che spinge continuamente i gas verso la superficie, con un meccanismo analogo a quello che fa salire il liquido caldo dal fondo di una pentola in ebollizione.

Si tratta di un processo ben noto in planetologia, noto come “chimica di disequilibrio” (dall’inglese disequilibrium chemistry), spiegano i ricercatori. Su Giove, il rimescolamento convettivo trasporta i gas dagli strati profondi e caldi verso l’atmosfera superiore. Lo stesso processo è già stato osservato nelle nane brune, ma seguirne per la prima volta le variazioni in tempo reale, molecola per molecola, apre una prospettiva del tutto nuova.

Per il team di ricerca, il valore di questo studio non risiede soltanto in ciò che ci rivela su Wise 0855, ma nelle sue implicazioni nella caratterizzazione delle atmosfere planetarie: i principi fisici di convezione, formazione nuvolosa e chimica atmosferica che governano questo mondo si applicano anche ai giganti gassosi del Sistema solare, come Giove. Se questi principi sono universali, valgono anche per gli esopianeti giganti gassosi che gli astronomi stanno iniziando a studiare sistematicamente grazie al telescopio spaziale James Webb.

«Anche se le nane brune non sono veri e propri pianeti, mostrano comportamenti simili a quelli planetari», osserva Miles. «Tra di loro esiste uno spettro continuo di comportamenti, non c’è una linea di demarcazione netta. Giove e Wise 0855 sono chiaramente diversi, ma presentano schemi meteorologici simili. Esistono dunque principi fondamentali di fisica e chimica che possono essere applicati a tutti questi mondi».

I ricercatori guardano ora alle prossime osservazioni con il James Webb, con l’obiettivo di definire con maggiore precisione i dettagli sulla rotazione di Wise 0855 e approfondire la dinamica tridimensionale dei movimenti nella sua atmosfera. Per il momento, il messaggio è chiaro: il tempo meteorologico esiste ovunque e alcuni dei nostri vicini più prossimi hanno cieli che vale la pena osservare.

Per saperne di più:

• Leggi il preprint dell’articolo in uscita su The Astronomical Journal  “Water Cloud and Chemical Modulations in the Coldest Brown Dwarf” di Brittany E. Miles, James Mang, Caroline V. Morley, Andrew J. I. Skemer, Melanie Rowland, Brianna Lacy, Genaro Suarez, Channon Visscher, Dániel Apai, Gordon Bjoraker, Aarynn L. Carter, Jacqueline K. Faherty, Jonathan J. Fortney, Nguyen Fuda, Thomas Geballe, Harshil Kothari, Mary Anne Limbach, Mark Marley, Allison M. McCarthy, Adam Schneider, Johanna Vos, Michael Cushing, Richard Freedman, Michael Line, Roxana Lupu, Emily Martin e Mikayla J. Wilson

 

Che cosa cercavano le decine di migliaia di turisti che il 12 agosto hanno affollato una striscia del territorio spagnolo dalla costa atlantica fino alle Baleari? Erano tutti alla ricerca dell’emozione del Sole che si spegne nel corso di un’eclissi totale. Alcuni hanno avuto fortuna, altri no perché nubi sfilacciate o semplicemente foschia hanno rovinato lo spettacolo. È quello che è successo a me: nel cielo perfetto di Ibiza si è materializzata una nuvoletta, giusto prima della totalità. Anche l’Italia è stata lambita dall’ombra della Luna con una preferenza per le regioni del nord che hanno goduto di oltre il 90 per cento di copertura del disco solare.

Indipendentemente dal fascino ancestrale del sole nero, vorrei sottolineare che l’eclisse è un momento magico che ci rende unici nel Sistema solare. Assistere all’oscuramento del Sole è, infatti, possibile solo per noi terrestri grazie a una fortuita combinazione tra dimensioni e distanza del Sole e della Luna, visti dalla Terra. Per dirla in termini astronomici, il Sole e la Luna appaiono avere le stesse dimensioni angolari nel cielo. È questa coincidenza, unica nel Sistema solare, a rendere possibile alla piccola Luna di oscurare il Sole. Avere le stesse dimensioni angolari non è però sufficiente: perché si verifichi un’eclisse occorre che, nel percorrere le loro orbite, Luna e Terra siano allineate con il Sole.

In questo rapporto a tre astronomico gioca un ruolo fondamentale l’inclinazione, piccola ma non trascurabile, del piano dell’orbita della Luna rispetto al piano dell’orbita della Terra intorno al Sole. Sono poco meno di 5°, ma sono fondamentali per regolare il succedersi dei momenti “speciali” della Luna che si verificano quando i tre corpi celesti si allineano e possono farsi ombra, determinando le eclissi. Si tratta di fenomeni abbastanza rari perché, come spiega molto bene Marco Bastoni nel suo Il piccolo libro delle eclissi, si richiedono delle condizioni particolari perché la Luna deve trovarsi al posto giusto nel momento giusto in modo tale che si verifichi un perfetto allineamento tra Sole, Luna e Terra.

Grazie alla nostra conoscenza delle complicate e molteplici periodicità dei moti della Luna adesso sappiamo predire con precisione le eclissi, ma, esattamente come Marco Bastoni, ammiro le capacità dei nostri antenati. Pur facendo i conti in caratteri cuneiformi su tavolette d’argilla, i babilonesi erano già in grado di prevedere le eclissi di Sole e di Luna. Diciamo che era una necessità: nell’antichità le eclissi erano foriere di sventura e occorreva essere pronti per cercare di correre ai ripari.

Adesso il terrore è scomparso e le eclissi sono diventate magneti turistici che, però, continuano a offrire le stesse antiche suggestioni. Sappiamo che non ci sono i draghi che mangiano il Sole, ma non possiamo restare indifferenti. È madre natura al suo meglio.

 

NASA experiments focused on human and plant health and drug-resistant organisms will travel to the International Space Station aboard SpaceX’s 35th Commercial Resupply Services mission for the agency from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida, advancing research that benefits life on Earth and future exploration.

This research supports astronaut health during long-duration missions through four investigations from the agency’s Biological and Physical Sciences division, including 3D models of the human brain, a crop disease study, a faster way to assess astronaut health, and an analysis of antibiotic-resistant bacteria aboard the space station.

Tiny brain models, big questions

A new precision health investigation helps address a key question: What happens to the human brain in space?

The experiment sends small, lab-grown models of the human brain to the orbiting laboratory for five weeks. Researchers compare tissue models that traveled to space with identical ones kept on Earth to determine how a short spaceflight affects the human brain at the cellular level.

The effort could deepen our understanding of how the human brain responds to stress and help lay the groundwork for methods that counter risks to brain health that astronauts may face on future missions to the Moon and beyond.

Disease-resistant crops for space

A space crops investigation tests whether crop diseases develop faster and more severely in microgravity.

The experiment compares molecular and structural changes between Earth-grown and space station-grown plants infected with a disease-causing fungus. The findings could guide plant breeding on Earth to produce disease-resistant crops and help minimize yield losses in future space agriculture systems.

Space crops provide nutrition, increase dietary variety, and offer psychological benefits for astronauts during extended missions. They also absorb carbon dioxide, produce oxygen, and recycle water, which will become increasingly important as human missions extend farther from Earth.

Analysis helps astronauts thrive

The spacecraft also carries the first test of a compact microplate reader that arrived aboard the space station earlier this year.

The Commercially Enabled Rapid Space Science initiative experiment tests the device’s ability to detect and measure certain biomarkers such as antibodies, antigens, and proteins.

Use of the plate reader would allow scientists to analyze samples aboard the space station and obtain data quickly, rather than wait for the samples to return to Earth for analysis.

Ultimately, the research aims to support the timely detection of infections and other health issues in astronauts while expanding science capabilities in remote exploration locations where resupply will be more difficult.

Tracking antibiotic-resistant bacteria

A precision health investigation returns for its fourth and final planned stay aboard the space station to study how antibiotic-resistant bacteria survive and evolve in microgravity.

As part of the investigation, astronauts repeatedly sample surfaces throughout the space station to monitor for drug-resistant organisms.

The work could help develop ways to protect astronauts against bacterial infections during long-duration missions. On Earth, the findings could provide insight into how superbugs develop from the overuse of antibiotics.

To learn more about NASA’s biological and physical research in space, visit: https://science.nasa.gov/biological-physical/

NASA experiments focused on human and plant health and drug-resistant organisms will travel to the International Space Station aboard SpaceX’s 35th Commercial Resupply Services mission for the agency from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida, advancing research that benefits life on Earth and future exploration.

This research supports astronaut health during long-duration missions through four investigations from the agency’s Biological and Physical Sciences division, including 3D models of the human brain, a crop disease study, a faster way to assess astronaut health, and an analysis of antibiotic-resistant bacteria aboard the space station.

Tiny brain models, big questions

A new precision health investigation helps address a key question: What happens to the human brain in space?

The experiment sends small, lab-grown models of the human brain to the orbiting laboratory for five weeks. Researchers compare tissue models that traveled to space with identical ones kept on Earth to determine how a short spaceflight affects the human brain at the cellular level.

The effort could deepen our understanding of how the human brain responds to stress and help lay the groundwork for methods that counter risks to brain health that astronauts may face on future missions to the Moon and beyond.

Disease-resistant crops for space

A space crops investigation tests whether crop diseases develop faster and more severely in microgravity.

The experiment compares molecular and structural changes between Earth-grown and space station-grown plants infected with a disease-causing fungus. The findings could guide plant breeding on Earth to produce disease-resistant crops and help minimize yield losses in future space agriculture systems.

Space crops provide nutrition, increase dietary variety, and offer psychological benefits for astronauts during extended missions. They also absorb carbon dioxide, produce oxygen, and recycle water, which will become increasingly important as human missions extend farther from Earth.

Analysis helps astronauts thrive

The spacecraft also carries the first test of a compact microplate reader that arrived aboard the space station earlier this year.

The Commercially Enabled Rapid Space Science initiative experiment tests the device’s ability to detect and measure certain biomarkers such as antibodies, antigens, and proteins.

Use of the plate reader would allow scientists to analyze samples aboard the space station and obtain data quickly, rather than wait for the samples to return to Earth for analysis.

Ultimately, the research aims to support the timely detection of infections and other health issues in astronauts while expanding science capabilities in remote exploration locations where resupply will be more difficult.

Tracking antibiotic-resistant bacteria

A precision health investigation returns for its fourth and final planned stay aboard the space station to study how antibiotic-resistant bacteria survive and evolve in microgravity.

As part of the investigation, astronauts repeatedly sample surfaces throughout the space station to monitor for drug-resistant organisms.

The work could help develop ways to protect astronauts against bacterial infections during long-duration missions. On Earth, the findings could provide insight into how superbugs develop from the overuse of antibiotics.

To learn more about NASA’s biological and physical research in space, visit: https://science.nasa.gov/biological-physical/

Illuminano i freddi cieli dei poli con colori che vanno dal rosso, al blu fino al verde. Sono le aurore polari. Queste affascinanti luci si formano quando il vento solare, un flusso di particelle energetiche proveniente dal Sole, interagisce con il campo magnetico della Terra che ci difende come uno scudo invisibile. Ad oggi, ci sono ancora varie domande aperte su come si formino queste tempeste geomagnetiche. Inoltre, anche se il nostro pianeta è protetto dal campo magnetico, il vento solare può comunque influenzarci: espone gli astronauti a livelli più elevati di radiazione durante le missioni, e può danneggiare i satelliti e disturbare i sistemi di navigazione, le telecomunicazioni e i servizi meteorologici.

La missione Smile (Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer) per la prima volta permetterà di osservare simultaneamente l’azione del vento solare e la risposta della Terra. Smile è una missione congiunta tra l’Agenzia spaziale europea (Esa) e la Chinese Academy of Sciences. Lo scorso 23 settembre Smile ha ufficialmente avviato la sua attività scientifica, dopo un intenso periodo di in-space commissioning, iniziato quando il satellite è stato lanciato il 19 maggio di quest’anno e ha raggiunto la sua orbita operativa per le attività scientifiche il 20 giugno.

Nella fase di commissioning, una parte importante è stata il collaudo dei quattro strumenti scientifici del satellite: la camera per raggi X a bassa energia (Soft X-ray Imager – Sxi), la camera per le aurore nell’ultravioletto (Uvi), il magnetometro e l’analizzatore di ioni leggeri. Ognuno di questi raccoglierà informazioni utili e diverse per comprendere meglio le tempeste solari, le tempeste geomagnetiche e la meteorologia spaziale.

Il video qui sotto mostra il primo filmato rilasciato da Uvi, la prima camera dal 2008 a catturare l’intero anello dell’aurora boreale intorno al Polo Nord nella luce ultravioletta. Uvi può osservare le aurore per quarantacinque ore consecutive, un vero record. Le immagini sono state riprese il 24 luglio 2026, appena due settimane dopo l’attivazione dello strumento. Mostrano l’attività nell’anello di aurora dovuta a una perturbazione del campo magnetico terrestre causata dalle particelle del vento solare.

Anche la camera a raggi X (Sxi) è stata attivata con successo. Una delle prime immagini di test, che vedete riportata qui sotto, è stata presa per verificare il corretto funzionamento dello strumento. L’immagine mostra i resti dell’esplosione di una stella lontana. Smile è il primo telescopio spaziale in grado di osservare il campo magnetico terrestre nei raggi X. Rileverà questo tipo di radiazioni emesse ai confini della magnetosfera quando questa viene colpita dalle particelle del vento solare. Sebbene questa telecamera lavori correttamente, attualmente rileva un eccesso di luce diffusa quando è puntata verso la Terra. Per ridurre questo fastidio, gli esperti stanno studiando correzioni specifiche e aggiornamenti software da implementare a bordo. Tuttavia, poiché Smile si sta orientando sempre più lontano dalla Terra e il Polo Nord emette meno luce mentre ci avviciniamo all’inverno boreale, la luce diffusa sta diminuendo naturalmente. Dovrebbe raggiungere un minimo a metà ottobre. A quel punto Sxi catturerà la sua prima immagine nitida della magnetopausa, la zona dove il vento solare incontra il campo magnetico terrestre.

L’Esa ha realizzato un film documentario, dal titolo Let’s Smile, che descrive lo sviluppo della missione tra giugno 2024 e maggio 2026. Il video mostra le parti del satellite nelle varie fasi di lavoro: il loro arrivo al centro tecnico dell’Esa nei Paesi Bassi, l’assemblaggio, i test e infine l’invio allo spazioporto europeo in Guyana francese per il lancio. Smile segna inoltre la prima volta in cui l’Esa e la Chinese Academy of Sciences hanno selezionato, costruito e gestito insieme una missione.

«La missione Smile è una testimonianza della fiducia costruita tra i nostri team, della loro dedizione all’eccellenza e della loro determinazione a trovare soluzioni a ogni sfida», dice la professoressa Carole Mundell, Director of Science all’Esa. «Smile ora ha ottenuto il via libera per iniziare le attività scientifiche. Si tratta di un traguardo molto importante – un vero piacere da annunciare – e sono sicura che la nostra eccellente collaborazione fornirà dati rivoluzionari agli scienziati di tutto il mondo».

Guarda il servizio video su MediaInaf Tv:

È ancora una matricola, ma ha già un palmarès di tutto rispetto, con una pubblicazione su The Astrophysical Journal a suo nome (unico, tra l’altro) e tre galassie che portano il suo cognome, che sono l’oggetto dello studio. Si chiama Julian Shapiro ed è uno studente del corso di astrofisica all’Università della California a Berkeley. Le tre galassie che ha scoperto sono Shapiro Dg I, II e III.

Shapiro Dg I, II e III sono tre galassie nane, ovvero sistemi galattici di piccole dimensioni e con una quantità relativamente ridotta di stelle, gas e materia oscura rispetto alle galassie più grandi come la Via Lattea.

Scovate dal giovane ricercatore nei dati d’archivio ottenuti dalla Hyper Suprime-Cam (Hsc), una potente fotocamera installata sul telescopio Subaru e dal Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope, le tre galassie sono isolate, si trovano cioè lontane da altre galassie, e hanno smesso di formare attivamente nuove stelle. Un comportamento, quest’ultimo, che ha attirato l’attenzione del ricercatore.

In genere, infatti, le galassie nane isolate conservano una quantità sufficiente di materia prima per formare nuove stelle. Al contrario di quelle che si trovano in ambienti densi o nelle vicinanze di galassie più massicce, che tendono a esaurire la propria attività di formazione stellare, anche a causa delle interazioni gravitazionali e idrodinamiche con l’ambiente, che possono sottrarre loro il gas freddo necessario. Le tre galassie nane individuate da Shapiro (una delle quali, Dg-1, identificata indipendentemente anche da un altro gruppo di ricerca, nell’ambito del progetto Id-Mage) rappresentano in questo senso un enigma.

«Le galassie nane esistono sia come galassie isolate sia come satelliti di galassie più grandi, come la nostra Via Lattea», spiega Shapiro. «Nel caso delle galassie isolate, ci si aspetta che in questi sistemi galattici la formazione stellare sia ancora attiva, poiché non ci sono galassie più grandi nelle vicinanze che possano privarle del gas necessario a formare nuove stelle. Le galassie che ho scoperto, però, fanno eccezione».

Shapiro Dg I, II e III, infatti, pur trovandosi isolate, sono quiescenti, sembrano cioè aver perso la capacità di formare nuove stelle. Come spiegare questa anomalia? Secondo Shapiro, una soluzione al dilemma c’è e chiama in causa le cosiddette galassie backsplash. «Nel mio articolo suggerisco che le tre galassie potrebbero essere tra le prime candidate galassie backsplash a essere identificate e risolte, ovvero galassie che in passato sono transitate vicino a una grande galassia, perdendo il proprio gas a causa della pressione esercitata da quest’ultima, per poi essere espulse nuovamente verso l’esterno».

Più in dettaglio, secondo Shapiro, le tre galassie potrebbero essere passate in precedenza sotto l’influenza gravitazionale di Messier 101, chiamata anche galassia Girandola (Pinwheel galaxy). Durante questo passaggio, le galassie sarebbero state private del gas necessario a formare nuove stelle, prima di essere poi espulse verso regioni più remote dello spazio. Esclusivamente per Shapiro dg II esisterebbe anche uno scenario alternativo: la sua posizione è sufficientemente vicina alla galassia a spirale Ngc 5585 da rendere possibile che si tratti di una debole galassia satellite, anziché una galassia backsplash, dice Shapiro.

Per determinare dove fosse più probabile trovare galassie nane backsplash nelle vicinanze di una galassia simile alla Via Lattea e in quali condizioni queste galassie potessero essere individuate nei dati d’archivio dei telescopi, Shapiro si è avvalso di sofisticate simulazioni idrodinamiche. Una parte consistente della ricerca è stata inoltre dedicata alla stima delle distanze, fondamentale per stabilire se le tre galassie fossero davvero isolate.

«Costruire le conoscenze di base necessarie per individuare queste galassie, sviluppare il codice per la modellizzazione e l’analisi e confrontare i risultati con il nostro modello cosmologico è stata una sfida», racconta Shapiro. «Sono stato fortunato perché molti dei principali journal del settore sono accessibili gratuitamente: questo mi ha permesso di acquisire le conoscenze e le competenze necessarie».

Shapiro auspica che future osservazioni con telescopi spaziali ad alta risoluzione permettano di determinare con precisione la posizione delle tre galassie ed escludere spiegazioni alternative della loro condizione di galassie quiescenti, mentre il Vera C. Rubin Observatory potrebbe contribuire alla ricerca, individuando numerose altre potenziali galassie backsplash.

Il modello cosmologico standard, la teoria oggi più accreditata per descrivere la struttura dell’universo, prevede che le galassie backsplash siano piuttosto comuni, eppure finora è stato difficile individuarne esempi nell’universo locale. Le tre galassie nane individuate da Shapiro potrebbero offrire nuovi indizi a sostegno del modello, mostrando che i processi che esso prevede possono agire anche in ambienti cosmici meno densi ed estremi. Lo studio rafforza inoltre l’ipotesi secondo cui alcune galassie isolate abbiano perso la capacità di produrre stelle in seguito all’azione di forze esterne, probabilmente durante un precedente passaggio in prossimità di galassie più massicce. Va però sottolineato che si tratta al momento di tre “candidate”: saranno dunque necessarie ulteriori osservazioni per determinarne con maggiore precisione le distanze e la natura.

Shapiro ha condotto gran parte della ricerca quando era ancora alle scuole superiori. Oggi al suo primo semestre alla Uc Berkeley, frequenta i corsi di astrofisica, insieme agli insegnamenti obbligatori di matematica e fisica, con l’obiettivo di conseguire una laurea in questa disciplina.

«Mi piacerebbe che il mio lavoro fosse d’ispirazione per i giovani che desiderano intraprendere una carriera nella ricerca astrofisica», dice Shapiro. «Spesso i programmi scolastici dedicano poco spazio all’astronomia, e per gli studenti può essere difficile trovare un tutor e acquisire esperienza nel campo. Il mio lavoro dimostra che i dati d’archivio provenienti dai telescopi sono uno strumento fondamentale per fare nuove scoperte sulla cosmologia e sull’evoluzione dell’universo, e che anche i giovani astronomi possono contribuire a queste scoperte».

Il Davidson Institute ha riconosciuto il lavoro di Shapiro sulle galassie backsplash nominandolo Davidson Fellow 2026 e assegnandogli un premio in denaro di 25mila dollari. Nel 2025, inoltre, Shapiro aveva ricevuto il National Young Astronomer Award della Astronomical League. E il suo mentore, il professore di astronomia della Berkeley Alex Filippenko, ha elogiato il modo in cui ha condotto la ricerca e analizzato i risultati.

«Julian ha condotto una ricerca di notevole livello quando era ancora alle scuole superiori, un fatto decisamente insolito, che è stato riconosciuto con la prestigiosa Davidson Fellowship», sottolinea Filippenko. «Mi ritengo molto fortunato che abbia scelto la University of California, Berkeley, per i suoi studi universitari in astrofisica e, soprattutto, che abbia deciso di unirsi al mio gruppo di ricerca».

Per saperne di più:

• Leggi su The Astrophysical Journal l’articolo “Discovery of Isolated, Quenched Candidate Backsplash Dwarf Galaxies near M101” di Julian Shapiro

 

As part of the agency’s Inspiration Tour flyover, NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman will pilot one of three F-5 fighter jets to kick off the New York Jets vs. Cleveland Browns game in East Rutherford, New Jersey, on Sunday, Oct. 11.

NASA team members will engage with fans at the agency’s Experience Zone, located at the Jets Tailgate Zone outside the stadium, from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. EDT before the game. Fans can learn more about NASA’s return to the Moon under the agency’s Artemis dome, enjoy interactive games, and capture photos with a large, inflatable SLS (Space Launch System) rocket.

Isaacman will be available for limited media interviews during the game. To arrange interviews, please contact Camille Gallo at: camille.m.gallo@nasa.gov or 202-531-8057.

With stops across the nation, NASA’s Inspiration Tour convenes academic, industry, and public sector stakeholders to connect the agency with the people, technologies, and organizations that drive American leadership in space.

The tour will culminate in MAX POWER, a public exposition of American air and space innovation, Saturday, Nov. 7, and Sunday, Nov. 8, on and near the agency’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Held in honor of America’s historic 250th anniversary, the multi-day, family-friendly event will showcase the next-generation aircraft, spacecraft, autonomous vehicles, and technologies that will help define the future of transportation in air and space.

For more information about MAX POWER and the agency’s missions, visit:

https://www.nasa.gov/maxpower

-end-

Camille Gallo / Jessica Taveau
Headquarters, Washington
202-358-1600
camille.m.gallo@nasa.gov / jessica.c.taveau@nasa.gov

NASA is testing heat shields that can keep astronauts safe as they return from missions to the Moon and Mars in an unusual way: by taking out the trash.

When Northrop Grumman 24^th cargo resupply mission for NASA undocked from the International Space Station, it carried a fleet of 12 small, experimental capsules designed to test the next generation of thermal protection materials that could serve as the foundation for future heat shields.

The experiment, called the Kentucky Reentry Probe Experiment (KREPE-3), is the third in a series of low-cost, high-impact missions that use the final moments of the cargo spacecraft’s lifespan to gather valuable data.

The experiment is a collaboration among the University of Kentucky, the state of Kentucky, NASA’s Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR), several NASA centers, and other federal and commercial partners.

“KREPE-3 is a great example of the goals of NASA’s EPSCoR program,” said David Berger, EPSCoR program manager at NASA’s Headquarters in Washington. “We are supporting the next generation of scientists and engineers as they develop unique projects that benefit their education and NASA’s mission goals.”

Trash to treasure

Before the mission’s Cygnus XL spacecraft departed the station, astronauts packed it with waste and activated the 12 small capsules carried inside. Designed by University of Kentucky students, the capsules include sensors that will measure temperature, pressure, motion, magnetic field, and light during re-entry. 

As the vehicle harmlessly breaks apart in Earth’s atmosphere on its planned route, the capsules will eject and begin collecting data on how each set of experimental heat shield materials performs. Satellite signals will transfer live data to researchers, offering insights into how larger heat shields could protect future cargo or crew.

“It’s a smart way to get flight data on materials that are still in development,” said Keith Peterson, a materials engineer at NASA’s Ames Research Center in California’s Silicon Valley. “We’re essentially hitching a ride on a vehicle that’s already coming back to Earth.”

Heating up innovation

The capsules will carry a variety of thermal protective components, including proven technology such as the ceramic tile material used on the space shuttle. Others will test new options, such as a 3D-printed heat shield from the Additive Manufacturing of Thermal Protective Systems project developed at NASA Johnson and Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

Researchers at NASA Ames are contributing several materials to KREPE-3, including two capsules that will fly a next-generation family of protective coverings known as Materials Engineered for Re-entry using Innovative Needling Operations (MERINO). Made from layers of carbon and phenolic fibers stitched together like felt, the materials are more flexible, faster to produce, and less expensive than traditional protective substances – making them promising candidates for Mars missions. Thanks to Mars’ thinner atmosphere, missions to land on the Red Planet involve lower heat loads and allow for lighter protection.

A third capsule will combine those protective coverings with other elements. The Kentucky Instrumented Conical Hypersonic Experiment will utilize a dual-cone shape. It combines a tungsten tip attached to a cone layered with carbon and hear-resistant plastic fibers, and an aft cone wrapped in MERINO. This unique design will validate computer models against real-world data.

Another capsule is shaped like the protective aeroshell that will protect NASA’s upcoming mission, Dragonfly, as it arrives at Saturn’s moon, Titan, and will test the dynamic stability of the design. It is covered in Phenolic Impregnated Carbon Ablator, a material developed at NASA Ames that has applications for commercial vehicles and flew on NASA’s Stardust, Mars Science Laboratory, and Mars 2020 missions.

One capsule will test a deployable heat shield called Adaptable Deployable Entry and Placement Technology, which is shaped like an umbrella to increase surface area and slow descent. At full scale, Adaptable Deployable Entry design could be folded, making it ideal for deploying payloads that are larger than the rockets that launch them into flight.

While some capsules are testing new materials to carry missions to Mars, others are testing new shapes and designs that will further research and understanding of computer modeling and sensor design — technologies that could open doors to another generation of re-entry design innovation.

Additional capsules developed by domestic and international partners will test a variety of known and new materials, including a heat flux sensor developed at the University of Stuttgart in Germany, that will help researchers measure how heat moves across a surface during re-entry.

“We’re pushing the boundaries of what heat shields can do,” said Peterson. “And we’re testing them in a way that’s fast, affordable, and incredibly effective.”

NASA is testing heat shields that can keep astronauts safe as they return from missions to the Moon and Mars in an unusual way: by taking out the trash.

When Northrop Grumman 24^th cargo resupply mission for NASA undocked from the International Space Station, it carried a fleet of 12 small, experimental capsules designed to test the next generation of thermal protection materials that could serve as the foundation for future heat shields.

The experiment, called the Kentucky Reentry Probe Experiment (KREPE-3), is the third in a series of low-cost, high-impact missions that use the final moments of the cargo spacecraft’s lifespan to gather valuable data.

The experiment is a collaboration among the University of Kentucky, the state of Kentucky, NASA’s Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR), several NASA centers, and other federal and commercial partners.

“KREPE-3 is a great example of the goals of NASA’s EPSCoR program,” said David Berger, EPSCoR program manager at NASA’s Headquarters in Washington. “We are supporting the next generation of scientists and engineers as they develop unique projects that benefit their education and NASA’s mission goals.”

Trash to treasure

Before the mission’s Cygnus XL spacecraft departed the station, astronauts packed it with waste and activated the 12 small capsules carried inside. Designed by University of Kentucky students, the capsules include sensors that will measure temperature, pressure, motion, magnetic field, and light during re-entry. 

As the vehicle harmlessly breaks apart in Earth’s atmosphere on its planned route, the capsules will eject and begin collecting data on how each set of experimental heat shield materials performs. Satellite signals will transfer live data to researchers, offering insights into how larger heat shields could protect future cargo or crew.

“It’s a smart way to get flight data on materials that are still in development,” said Keith Peterson, a materials engineer at NASA’s Ames Research Center in California’s Silicon Valley. “We’re essentially hitching a ride on a vehicle that’s already coming back to Earth.”

Heating up innovation

The capsules will carry a variety of thermal protective components, including proven technology such as the ceramic tile material used on the space shuttle. Others will test new options, such as a 3D-printed heat shield from the Additive Manufacturing of Thermal Protective Systems project developed at NASA Johnson and Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

Researchers at NASA Ames are contributing several materials to KREPE-3, including two capsules that will fly a next-generation family of protective coverings known as Materials Engineered for Re-entry using Innovative Needling Operations (MERINO). Made from layers of carbon and phenolic fibers stitched together like felt, the materials are more flexible, faster to produce, and less expensive than traditional protective substances – making them promising candidates for Mars missions. Thanks to Mars’ thinner atmosphere, missions to land on the Red Planet involve lower heat loads and allow for lighter protection.

A third capsule will combine those protective coverings with other elements. The Kentucky Instrumented Conical Hypersonic Experiment will utilize a dual-cone shape. It combines a tungsten tip attached to a cone layered with carbon and hear-resistant plastic fibers, and an aft cone wrapped in MERINO. This unique design will validate computer models against real-world data.

Another capsule is shaped like the protective aeroshell that will protect NASA’s upcoming mission, Dragonfly, as it arrives at Saturn’s moon, Titan, and will test the dynamic stability of the design. It is covered in Phenolic Impregnated Carbon Ablator, a material developed at NASA Ames that has applications for commercial vehicles and flew on NASA’s Stardust, Mars Science Laboratory, and Mars 2020 missions.

One capsule will test a deployable heat shield called Adaptable Deployable Entry and Placement Technology, which is shaped like an umbrella to increase surface area and slow descent. At full scale, Adaptable Deployable Entry design could be folded, making it ideal for deploying payloads that are larger than the rockets that launch them into flight.

While some capsules are testing new materials to carry missions to Mars, others are testing new shapes and designs that will further research and understanding of computer modeling and sensor design — technologies that could open doors to another generation of re-entry design innovation.

Additional capsules developed by domestic and international partners will test a variety of known and new materials, including a heat flux sensor developed at the University of Stuttgart in Germany, that will help researchers measure how heat moves across a surface during re-entry.

“We’re pushing the boundaries of what heat shields can do,” said Peterson. “And we’re testing them in a way that’s fast, affordable, and incredibly effective.”

È un simbolo. Che parla dell’umano desiderio di guardare oltre il nostro pianeta per capire cosa c’è, là fuori. Il luogo di battesimo dei futuri scienziati del Regno Unito, con gli oltre venticinquemila scolari in gita scolastica che vi approdano ogni anno. Ma anche un pezzo di fantascienza in una terra verde e piacevole. Che si staglia nella luce del tramonto con una silhouette oltremodo fotogenica.

Parliamo del Jodrell Bank Observatory. O meglio, così ne parlano gli inglesi, di quest’osservatorio astronomico fondato nel 1945 nella regione del Cheshire. Protagonista assoluto della struttura è il Lovell Telescope, il radiotelescopio più grande del Regno Unito.

Sir Bernard Lovell, fondatore dell’osservatorio, interpellato al riguardo ebbe a dire: «Incontro spesso anziani ormai in pensione da tempo, i quali mi raccontano che fu la vista di Jodrell, quando erano ragazzi, a ispirarli a intraprendere una carriera scientifica».

Nel 2006, con un sondaggio indetto dal Bbc News Magazine, il telescopio Lovell si è persino aggiudicato un titolo, quello del più grande monumento non celebrato di tutta la Gran Bretagna.

Talmente non considerato che adesso l’intero osservatorio rischia di chiudere i battenti. Nel mese di luglio l’Uk Research and Innovation Agency (Ukri) ha infatti eliminato i fondi di gestione della struttura, che ammontano a 2.8 milioni di sterline all’anno. In mancanza di altri finanziamenti, il Jodrell Bank cesserà ogni operazione dal 1° aprile 2028. Ventotto posizioni lavorative presso l’osservatorio potrebbero essere cancellate. Certamente intaccate risulterebbero anche le ricerche dei quasi tremila astronomi che in tutto il mondo utilizzano i dati dell’osservatorio. Gli effetti della chiusura si propagherebbero ben oltre i confini del regno, insomma.

L’opinione pubblica britannica non l’ha presa bene. Persino le rockstar sono scese in campo, vedi Brian May e il chitarrista degli Smiths Johnny Marr che, assieme ad altre celebrità del mondo anglosassone, hanno scritto una lettera per scongiurare una decisione «folle» e chiedere al governo «di trovare immediatamente un finanziamento per salvare il Jodrell Bank».

Un mese fa il primo ministro del Regno Unito Andy Burnham ha preso l’impegno di salvare il radiotelescopio: «Tutti quelli della mia generazione hanno fatto una gita scolastica a Jodrell Bank. È impensabile assistere alla sua fine, e ciò non accadrà sotto il mio governo».

Due petizioni con oltre trentamila firmatari sono state lanciate per far tornare l’Ukri sui suoi passi. «Non si tratta solo di salvare un telescopio», si legge in una di esse. «Si tratta di salvare il nostro posto in prima linea nella scoperta umana – e mantenere viva l’ambizione che ha definito la scienza britannica per generazioni».

Per capire meglio quale sia il valore scientifico dell’osservatorio, abbiamo intervistato Marcello Giroletti, astronomo in servizio all’Istituto di radioastronomia dell’Inaf di Bologna, che conosce bene questa struttura.

Che cos’è il Jodrell Bank Observatory?

«L’osservatorio di Jodrell Bank è il cuore della radioastronomia inglese e un luogo di riferimento per tutta quella europea. Anzitutto, a Jodrell Bank si trova il Lovell Telescope, costruito nel 1957 ma che con i suoi 76 metri di diametro è tuttora il secondo radiotelescopio più grande d’Europa. Il Lovell Telescope è anche la più grande delle sette antenne dell’e-Merlin, una rete di radiotelescopi distribuiti per tutta l’Inghilterra e collegati con fibre ottiche. Jodrell Bank ospita il correlatore di questa rete, ovvero il supercomputer che combina i dati delle “sette sorelle” per realizzare immagini radio molto più dettagliate di quanto sia possibile fare con una sola antenna. Infine, Jodrell Bank ospita numerosi laboratori dedicati allo sviluppo di tecnologie in ambito elettronico e digitale, utili per il continuo miglioramento delle osservazioni».

E fuori dall’Inghilterra? Che ruolo ha questa struttura?

«Accanto a queste attività, gestite dall’Università di Manchester e oggetto dei tagli previsti, a Jodrell Bank è stato installato anche il quartier generale di Skao, il nuovo radiotelescopio fiore all’occhiello della comunità internazionale, che però è in fase di costruzione in Australia e Sudafrica. Quindi, paradossalmente, se i fondi saranno effettivamente tagliati, resterebbe aperto il quartier generale di uno strumento che si trova lontano mentre tutta la strumentazione locale sarebbe sostanzialmente abbandonata».

Dunque l’osservatorio parrebbe tutt’altro che superato, nonostante il telescopio Lovell abbia quasi settant’anni…

«L’e-Merlin è uno strumento che è stato costantemente aggiornato nel corso degli anni ed è tuttora un osservatorio di punta. Ad esempio, il prefisso “e-” si riferisce all’upgrade per cui i dati delle stazioni remote vengono attualmente inviati in modo “elettronico” tramite fibre ottiche, e non via ponti radio, come si faceva inizialmente. Lo strumento fornisce con regolarità importanti risultati sia operando in modo indipendente che all’interno della più grande rete europea – alla quale fornisce maggiore sensibilità e flessibilità – e in coordinamento con osservatori ad altre frequenze e persino con i rivelatori di onde gravitazionali e neutrini. Ad esempio, in questo lavoro del 2021 e-Merlin e IceCube – il fondatore di quest’ultimo è stato appena insignito del premio Nobel – hanno lavorato assieme per dimostrare che un neutrino rivelato da IceCube era stato prodotto nella distruzione di una stella da parte di un buco nero supermassiccio. E anche con l’entrata in funzione di Skao, la risoluzione angolare di e-Merlin resterà fino a cinque volte migliore! Per non parlare del fatto che potrà continuare a vedere regioni del cielo inaccessibili a Skao, che si trova nell’emisfero opposto».

A che punto è la raccolta firme?

«Le due petizioni principali hanno superato le trentottomila e trentunmila firme, e molte altre ne sono sorte anche da parte della comunità locale per difendere quello che è un vero e proprio patrimonio storico e culturale. L’osservatorio di Jodrell Bank è riconosciuto come patrimonio mondiale dell’umanità dall’Unesco e praticamente tutti gli studenti e le studentesse inglesi lo visitano come parte del proprio percorso formativo. È stato ripetutamente sede di eventi di musica, scienza, arte e cultura. Al di là delle iniziative partite da parte della cittadinanza, anche la comunità scientifica si è espressa in modo molto forte, con lettere aperte da parte di numerosi esponenti di alto livello di tutta la comunità radioastronomica internazionale».

Hai un ricordo personale legato al Jodrell Bank?

«Ne ho almeno un paio che mi sono molto cari. Anzitutto, Jodrell Bank è stata la sede presso cui ho frequentato la mia prima scuola di interferometria radio, quando ero ancora un laureando dell’Università di Bologna. A quei tempi era molto più raro fare esperienze all’estero e per me fu un grande onore poter passare una settimana in quel luogo che era contemporaneamente affascinante e anche un po’ intimorente. E ricordo ancora perfettamente l’emozione, dopo una giornata intera di lezioni ed esercitazioni molto intense, di vedere muovere il radiotelescopio nella luce del tardo pomeriggio di fine aprile. Mi ricordo di averlo definito persino romantico!».

Un ricordo più recente invece?

«Era l’estate del 2021 ed era da poco esplosa una nova in Ofiuco. Attivammo con grande urgenza una serie di osservazioni con la rete Evn, a cui tutto e-Merlin ha partecipato, fornendo sensibilità in particolare alle regioni più tenui visibili quando ormai l’emissione ottica ed X era svanita. Il professor O’Brien dell’Università di Manchester seguì personalmente le osservazioni e mi mandò la foto che correda quest’intervista, che conservo ancora caramente e mostro in tutte le presentazioni su quella campagna, sulla quale abbiamo già basato varie pubblicazioni».

 

This NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope Picture of the Month features galaxies in incredible detail that have been warped and multiplied like they’ve stepped into a house of mirrors.

Da lontano, una stella sembra un punto netto nel cielo. Se riuscissimo a distinguerne il disco, però, vedremmo che non ha contorni così decisi: la sua luce sfuma dal centro verso il bordo, facendosi lentamente più tenue. Una sfumatura ben nota, ma che nuove osservazioni mostrano diversa da quanto prevedono i modelli delle atmosfere stellari.

A misurarla con grande precisione è stato un gruppo di ricerca guidato da Narsireddy Anugu, del Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy della Georgia State University, usando il Chara Array sul Monte Wilson, in California. Lo studio, pubblicato il mese scorso su The Astronomical Journal, prende in esame 31 stelle evolute e confronta il modo in cui la loro luminosità cambia dal centro al margine del disco in due diverse bande dell’infrarosso. Il fenomeno si chiama limb darkening, o oscuramento al bordo, e dipende da quanto in profondità riusciamo a “guardare” nell’atmosfera della stella. Verso il centro del disco, la nostra linea di vista entra quasi perpendicolarmente nell’atmosfera stellare e la luce che riceviamo arriva da regioni più profonde e calde. Avvicinandoci al bordo, invece, lo sguardo diventa sempre più radente e intercetta soprattutto gli strati più esterni, dove la temperatura è più bassa: è per questo che il disco stellare appare più luminoso al centro e sfuma progressivamente verso i margini. Quanto sia marcata questa sfumatura dipende anche dalla lunghezza d’onda alla quale osserviamo la stella.

È qui che le nuove misure cominciano a discostarsi dalle previsioni: le osservazioni di Chara sono state effettuate simultaneamente nelle bande H e K dell’infrarosso, centrate rispettivamente attorno a 1,6 e 2,2 micrometri. Alle lunghezze d’onda maggiori l’oscuramento al bordo dovrebbe diventare meno pronunciato, come previsto dai modelli di atmosfera stellare. Ed è proprio quello che mostrano le osservazioni, insieme a un’altra tendenza: il limb darkening è meno marcato nelle stelle con temperature superficiali più elevate. Ma c’è un problema: nel campione osservato, il limb darkening diminuisce tra le due bande di quasi il 40 per cento, molto più di quanto prevedano i modelli. La direzione del cambiamento è quella attesa, ma la sua intensità no.

La differenza non riguarda soltanto un dettaglio dell’aspetto delle stelle: il modo in cui la luminosità varia dal centro al bordo porta infatti informazioni sulla distribuzione della temperatura e sull’opacità negli strati dell’atmosfera stellare e misurarlo direttamente offre quindi un banco di prova per verificare quanto bene i modelli descrivano la struttura delle stelle. Facile a dirsi, meno a farsi. Anche le stelle relativamente vicine sono così lontane da apparire nella maggior parte dei telescopi come puntini luminosi. Chara riesce a spingersi oltre grazie all’interferometria: combina la luce raccolta da sei telescopi distribuiti sul Monte Wilson, raggiungendo un potere risolutivo impossibile per ciascun telescopio preso singolarmente. Invece di produrre una fotografia convenzionale del disco stellare, misura come cambia il segnale interferometrico al variare della distanza fra i telescopi, permettendo di ricavare sia il diametro angolare della stella sia il profilo con cui la sua luminosità diminuisce verso il bordo.

Il confronto è particolarmente interessante perché riguarda stelle evolute, con atmosfere più estese e complesse rispetto a quelle di stelle come il Sole. Proprio per questo, descriverne con precisione il profilo di luminosità è una prova impegnativa per i modelli di atmosfera stellare. Gli autori ne hanno messi alla prova diversi, ma nessuno riesce a riprodurre del tutto quanto rapidamente il limb darkening cambia con la lunghezza d’onda. Conoscere bene il limb darkening serve anche fuori dallo studio delle atmosfere stellari. Quando un esopianeta transita davanti alla propria stella, infatti, non attraversa un disco uniformemente luminoso, ma la quantità di luce che nasconde cambia a seconda della zona del disco che sta coprendo e i modelli delle curve di transito devono tenerne conto per ricavare con precisione le proprietà del pianeta. Le stelle analizzate in questo studio non sono però quelle più comunemente cercate nelle osservazioni di transiti, per cui il prossimo passo sarà ampliare il confronto a stelle di sequenza principale e osservare il limb darkening su un intervallo di lunghezze d’onda ancora più ampio, dal visibile all’infrarosso.

Se anche lì la luce continuerà a sfumare diversamente da quanto previsto, saranno i modelli a dover mettere meglio a fuoco i bordi delle stelle.

Per saperne di più:

• Leggi su The Astronomical Journal l’articolo “Empirical H- and K-band Limb Darkening for 31 CHARA Stars: A Near-Infrared Benchmark for Stellar-Atmosphere Models”, di Narsireddy Anugu, John D. Monnier, Antoine Mérand, Becky Flores, Alexandre Gallenne, Douglas R. Gies, Mayra Gutierrez, Robert Klement, Stefan Kraus, Jayadev Rajagopal, Rachael M. Roettenbacher e Gail H. Schaefer

 

Un astronomo punta il telescopio verso Marte e, invece di canali e calotte polari, ci trova l’amore. È il 1910 e sugli schermi italiani passa Un matrimonio interplanetario: pochi minuti di pellicola muta, fondali dipinti, una storia sentimentale che attraversa lo spazio. È considerato il primo film di fantascienza girato in Italia. Lo firma un autore che i lettori, soprattutto i più giovani, conoscono già da anni con uno pseudonimo esotico e un po’ buffo: Yambo.

Dietro quel nome c’era Enrico Novelli (Pisa, 1874 – Firenze, 1943), figlio d’arte – il padre Ermete riconosciuto come uno dei più grandi maestri d’arte drammatica – e autore di una produzione che ancora oggi nessuno è riuscito a censire per intero. Romanzi d’avventura e d’anticipazione, racconti, fumetti, illustrazioni, teatro e teatro di figura, cinema, giornalismo, divulgazione scientifica. «Un incursore dell’immaginario», lo definiscono Paolo Tozzi e Francesca Brunetti nella prefazione di Yambo 150. L’universo di Yambo tra scienza, avventura e immaginazione (Felici Editore, 2026). Un artista «radicalmente eclettico al punto da risultare inafferrabile» e che proprio per questo il Novecento ha finito per perdere per strada.

Per i 150 anni dalla nascita di Yambo un gruppo decisamente eterogeneo – esperti di fumetto e di letteratura per ragazzi, storici del cinema e della scienza, bibliotecari, informatici, autori e astrofisici – ha deciso di festeggiare. A Firenze, la Biblioteca Marucelliana ha esposto autografi, disegni e volumi rari, mentre un ciclo di incontri si è svolto tra la Marucelliana e la biblioteca dell’Inaf di Arcetri. A Torino il MuFant, il Museo del fantastico e della fantascienza, ha ricollocato Yambo nella storia internazionale del genere. A Pisa, sua città natale, Palazzo Blu ha messo in dialogo le tavole originali de Gli esploratori dell’infinito con la loro nuova vita a fumetti, la graphic novel firmata da Davide La Rosa e Armin Barducci.

Il volume curato da Tozzi, Brunetti e Fabio Gadducci raccoglie e racconta queste esperienze. Ma c’è anche la giovinezza bohémienne di Novelli tra Firenze, Milano e la Roma umbertina, il suo rapporto col fumetto, il serrato confronto con il francese Albert Robida.

Chi si occupa di letteratura per l’infanzia e per ragazzi sa bene che fantasia e scienza non sono mondi antitetici. Quando Gianni Rodari parlava del “binomio fantastico” come scintilla per mettere in moto l’immaginazione, evidenziava proprio l’incontro tra elementi apparentemente lontani. Nella storia della letteratura giovanile, i classici topoi della narrazione — dal viaggio verso mondi inesplorati alle macchine prodigiose, dai viaggi nel tempo alla conquista dello spazio — sono sempre stati il terreno d’elezione su cui s’innestano le scoperte e le ipotesi scientifiche del proprio tempo. Yambo ha incarnato questo spirito in modo esemplare. In romanzi come Gli eroi del Gladiator (1900) o La colonia lunare (1908) la meraviglia del racconto non va mai a scapito della cura dell’informazione. Yambo citava fonti scientifiche coeve, dimostrando una curiosità insaziabile e un rispetto profondo per i fatti della scienza, riuscendo al contempo a mantenere un registro ironico e leggero.

Come sottolinea Paolo Tozzi, ricercatore all’Inaf di Arcetri e tra i curatori del volume: «La nostra scoperta dell’universo di Yambo è nata quasi per caso, nell’ambito di iniziative che intrecciavano astrofisica e cinema muto. Ci siamo trovati di fronte a una produzione sterminata e di sorprendente accuratezza scientifica e tecnologica. Basti pensare che nel romanzo Gli esploratori dell’infinito Yambo riporta nozioni astronomiche attinte direttamente dai testi specialistici dell’epoca, citando con precisione le fonti e ricorrendo a geniali espedienti ironici qualora le esigenze narrative lo costringessero a deviare dal rigore filologico. Un atteggiamento intellettuale proprio del vero scienziato, oggi quanto mai raro da rintracciare in chi si occupa di narrazione».

Il primo incontro di Tozzi con questo universo è avvenuto tra gli scaffali di casa: una copia di Ciuffettino del 1940 nella biblioteca paterna. «Da quel momento ho cominciato a indagare», spiega, «e l’universo di Yambo mi si è letteralmente spalancato davanti, come in un big bang».

Prendiamo un titolo a caso, scegliendo nell’immensa produzione di Enrico Novelli: il già citato Gli esploratori dell’infinito.  Nel 1898 Carl Gustav Witt e Auguste Charlois scoprono Eros, il primo asteroide noto la cui orbita si avvicina a quella terrestre. Pochi anni dopo Yambo lo ribattezza Cupido, lo fa catturare dall’atmosfera terrestre e lo trasforma in un veicolo: a bordo salgono un milionario misantropo, Harry Shtarr, e il suo segretario Giorgio, in fuga dalla noia della vita sulla Terra. Scopriranno di non essere soli: una banda di falsari ha impiantato lassù una zecca clandestina. Un’esplosione spinge l’asteroide su un’orbita ellittica che porta l’improbabile combriccola fino ai confini del sistema solare.

C’è, in questa trama, tutto l’armamentario della grande letteratura per ragazzi: il viaggio straordinario di ascendenza verniana, l’isola deserta che si fa robinsonata spaziale, i pirati – qui falsari –, i mostri – le «zoologie impossibili» dei mercuriani –, il mondo rovesciato in cui gli adulti appaiono ridicoli. Sono i topoi di sempre della fiaba e del romanzo d’avventura, e Yambo li riempie di scienza e di tecnica: l’isola diventa un corpo celeste, il vascello un’astronave, il talismano un’invenzione. Con un dettaglio che oggi suona profetico: un asteroide agganciato, portato in orbita vicino alla Terra e abitato da chi vuole farci affari. A oltre un secolo di distanza le sonde Hayabusa2 e Osiris-Rex hanno riportato a terra campioni di Ryugu e Bennu, e lo sfruttamento minerario dei piccoli corpi del Sistema solare è entrato nei piani di agenzie spaziali e aziende private.

Se Yambo ha ancora qualcosa da dire, però, non è tanto sull’astrofisica di oggi quanto sul modo di raccontarla. Tozzi ne è convinto: «In questi anni complicati rischiamo di concentrarci troppo sui contenuti e troppo poco sulle narrazioni. I festival scientifici e i libri divulgativi, soprattutto quelli per ragazzi, si rivolgono spesso a chi è già curioso e appassionato di scienza. Ma sono le storie a far nascere la curiosità anche in chi parte lontano dall’astrofisica, e più in generale dalla conoscenza».

Yambo ci riuscì con un successo enorme, in un’epoca e in un contesto molto diversi dal nostro, trasferendo la stessa libertà di scrittura in ogni forma espressiva che toccava: romanzo, teatro, cinema, giornalismo, saggio, fumetto, illustrazione. «Yambo ci lancia una sfida», conclude Tozzi: «affrontare l’enorme complessità del contemporaneo con leggerezza, senza rinunciare a un estremo rigore filologico e, soprattutto, con una piena consapevolezza del potere della narrazione».

Non è un caso che Umberto Eco, ne La misteriosa fiamma della regina Loana, abbia scelto proprio il nome Yambo per il suo protagonista, un uomo che ha perso la memoria e la ritrova sfogliando i libri e i giornalini della propria infanzia. Yambo come chiave d’accesso a un immaginario condiviso, sepolto ma non perduto.

 

The SpaceX Crew Dragon Freedom spacecraft is seen moments before splashing down in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of California in this Oct. 8, 2026, photograph. Aboard were NASA’s SpaceX Crew-12 members NASA astronauts Jessica Meir and Jack Hathaway, ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Sophie Adenot, and Roscosmos cosmonaut Andrey Fedyaev. The four spent nearly eight months aboard the International Space Station.

See more photos from splashdown.

Image credit: NASA/Keegan Barber

The SpaceX Crew Dragon Freedom spacecraft is seen moments before splashing down in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of California in this Oct. 8, 2026, photograph. Aboard were NASA’s SpaceX Crew-12 members NASA astronauts Jessica Meir and Jack Hathaway, ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Sophie Adenot, and Roscosmos cosmonaut Andrey Fedyaev. The four spent nearly eight months aboard the International Space Station.

See more photos from splashdown.

Image credit: NASA/Keegan Barber

The SpaceX Crew Dragon Freedom spacecraft is seen as it lands with NASA astronauts Jessica Meir and Jack Hathaway, ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Sophie Adenot, and Roscosmos cosmonaut Andrey Fedyaev aboard in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Los Angeles, Calif., Thursday, Oct. 8, 2026.

After more than seven months aboard the International Space Station, NASA’s SpaceX Crew-12 mission safely splashed down Thursday in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Los Angeles. The crew members will discuss their science mission during a news conference at 3:30 p.m. EDT, Thursday, Oct. 15, at the agency’s Johnson Space Center in Houston.

“Jessica, Jack, Sophie, and Andrey spent 237 days living and working in orbit, traveled more than 100 million miles, advanced important science, and returned safely home because of the extraordinary expertise and competence of thousands across NASA, SpaceX, and our international partners,” said NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman. “Building the capability, experience, and confidence to do this repeatedly is exactly what will allow us to go farther, and I am grateful to Crew-12 and their families for their service to humanity’s greatest adventure.”

NASA astronauts Jessica Meir and Jack Hathaway, ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Sophie Adenot, and Roscosmos cosmonaut Andrey Fedyaev returned to Earth at 8:34 a.m. PDT. Teams aboard SpaceX recovery vessels retrieved the spacecraft and its crew shortly after. Following standard postflight medical screenings, the crew will fly to shore before returning to NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston.

“NASA’s activities supporting the International Space Station — transporting crew, conducting impactful research, and maintaining critical national assets — enable the science, engineering, and risk‑reduction needed for future missions across the solar system,” said Dana Weigel, manager of NASA’s Low Earth Orbit Program at the agency’s Johnson Space Center. “We’re grateful for the dedication across the human spaceflight team that makes this possible, and we’re thrilled to welcome Jessica, Jack, Sophie, and Andrey home.”

During their 237-day mission, the four crew members traveled more than 100 million miles and completed more than 3,792 orbits around Earth. The mission was the second for Meir and Fedyaev and the first for Hathaway and Adenot. Crew-12 lifted off at 5:15 a.m. EST on Feb. 13 and docked to the orbiting laboratory a day later.

Crew‑12 logged hundreds of hours of scientific research to support human exploration beyond low Earth orbit and advance benefits for people on Earth. The crew members’ work included testing stem cell production for cell‑based therapies, demonstrating on‑demand IV fluid generation for future missions, and studying how the bacteria that causes pneumonia can lead to long‑term heart damage. The crew also conducted nutrition-focused research and examined how physical characteristics may affect blood flow during spaceflight to help keep astronauts safe and healthy on future missions. Research conducted aboard the space station advances knowledge and demonstrates new technologies that enable us to prepare for human exploration of the Moon and Mars.

Meir completed four spacewalks, bringing her career total to seven. That places her third all-time in total spacewalks among women at NASA, behind former agency astronauts Peggy Whitson and Suni Williams. Adenot completed three spacewalks, becoming the first French woman to venture outside the orbital outpost.

United States-based media interested in attending the crew news conference in person with Meir, Hathaway, and Fedyaev, must contact the NASA Johnson newsroom no later than 5 p.m. EDT, Tuesday, Oct. 13, at jsc-newsroom@mail.nasa.gov. Media joining by phone must request dial-in details by 9:30 a.m., Oct. 15. To ask a question, media must join no later than 15 minutes before the start of the news conference. The agency’s media credentialing policy is available online. Adenot will return to Europe and not be available during the news conference.

NASA’s Low Earth Orbit Program provides reliable access to space, maximizing the use of the International Space Station for research and development by partnering with private U.S. companies, including SpaceX, to transport astronauts to and from the space station.

Learn more about NASA’s SpaceX Crew-12 at:

https://www.nasa.gov/commercialcrew

-end-

Joshua Finch / Jimi Russell
Headquarters, Washington
202-358-1100
joshua.a.finch@nasa.gov / james.j.russell@nasa.gov

Sandra Jones / Joseph Zakrzewski
Johnson Space Center, Houston
281-483-5111
sandra.p.jones@nasa.gov / joseph.a.zakrzewski@nasa.gov

Steven Siceloff
Kennedy Space Center, Florida
321-867-2468
steven.p.siceloff@nasa.gov

After more than seven months aboard the International Space Station, NASA’s SpaceX Crew-12 mission safely splashed down Thursday in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Los Angeles. The crew members will discuss their science mission during a news conference at 3:30 p.m. EDT, Thursday, Oct. 15, at the agency’s Johnson Space Center in Houston.

“Jessica, Jack, Sophie, and Andrey spent 237 days living and working in orbit, traveled more than 100 million miles, advanced important science, and returned safely home because of the extraordinary expertise and competence of thousands across NASA, SpaceX, and our international partners,” said NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman. “Building the capability, experience, and confidence to do this repeatedly is exactly what will allow us to go farther, and I am grateful to Crew-12 and their families for their service to humanity’s greatest adventure.”

NASA astronauts Jessica Meir and Jack Hathaway, ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Sophie Adenot, and Roscosmos cosmonaut Andrey Fedyaev returned to Earth at 8:34 a.m. PDT. Teams aboard SpaceX recovery vessels retrieved the spacecraft and its crew shortly after. Following standard postflight medical screenings, the crew will fly to shore before returning to NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston.

“NASA’s activities supporting the International Space Station — transporting crew, conducting impactful research, and maintaining critical national assets — enable the science, engineering, and risk‑reduction needed for future missions across the solar system,” said Dana Weigel, manager of NASA’s Low Earth Orbit Program at the agency’s Johnson Space Center. “We’re grateful for the dedication across the human spaceflight team that makes this possible, and we’re thrilled to welcome Jessica, Jack, Sophie, and Andrey home.”

During their 237-day mission, the four crew members traveled more than 100 million miles and completed more than 3,792 orbits around Earth. The mission was the second for Meir and Fedyaev and the first for Hathaway and Adenot. Crew-12 lifted off at 5:15 a.m. EST on Feb. 13 and docked to the orbiting laboratory a day later.

Crew‑12 logged hundreds of hours of scientific research to support human exploration beyond low Earth orbit and advance benefits for people on Earth. The crew members’ work included testing stem cell production for cell‑based therapies, demonstrating on‑demand IV fluid generation for future missions, and studying how the bacteria that causes pneumonia can lead to long‑term heart damage. The crew also conducted nutrition-focused research and examined how physical characteristics may affect blood flow during spaceflight to help keep astronauts safe and healthy on future missions. Research conducted aboard the space station advances knowledge and demonstrates new technologies that enable us to prepare for human exploration of the Moon and Mars.

Meir completed four spacewalks, bringing her career total to seven. That places her third all-time in total spacewalks among women at NASA, behind former agency astronauts Peggy Whitson and Suni Williams. Adenot completed three spacewalks, becoming the first French woman to venture outside the orbital outpost.

United States-based media interested in attending the crew news conference in person with Meir, Hathaway, and Fedyaev, must contact the NASA Johnson newsroom no later than 5 p.m. EDT, Tuesday, Oct. 13, at jsc-newsroom@mail.nasa.gov. Media joining by phone must request dial-in details by 9:30 a.m., Oct. 15. To ask a question, media must join no later than 15 minutes before the start of the news conference. The agency’s media credentialing policy is available online. Adenot will return to Europe and not be available during the news conference.

NASA’s Low Earth Orbit Program provides reliable access to space, maximizing the use of the International Space Station for research and development by partnering with private U.S. companies, including SpaceX, to transport astronauts to and from the space station.

Learn more about NASA’s SpaceX Crew-12 at:

https://www.nasa.gov/commercialcrew

-end-

Joshua Finch / Jimi Russell
Headquarters, Washington
202-358-1100
joshua.a.finch@nasa.gov / james.j.russell@nasa.gov

Sandra Jones / Joseph Zakrzewski
Johnson Space Center, Houston
281-483-5111
sandra.p.jones@nasa.gov / joseph.a.zakrzewski@nasa.gov

Steven Siceloff
Kennedy Space Center, Florida
321-867-2468
steven.p.siceloff@nasa.gov

Editor’s Note: This advisory was updated on Oct. 15, 2026, to reflect the revised spacecraft docking timeline. 

NASA and SpaceX are targeting 6:33 a.m. EDT, Tuesday, Oct. 13, for the next launch to deliver science investigations, supplies, and equipment, including the final set of International Space Station Roll-Out Solar Arrays, to the space station. This is the 35th SpaceX commercial resupply services mission to the orbital complex for NASA.

NASA also will host a media teleconference on Thursday, Oct. 8 that will preview the cargo resupply flight, as well as provide a post-splashdown update for the agency’s SpaceX Crew-12 mission, which will have returned to Earth from the space station Thursday morning.

Loaded with more than 6,300 pounds of supplies, a SpaceX Dragon spacecraft on a Falcon 9 rocket will lift off from Space Launch Complex 40 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida. Dragon will dock autonomously around 10:30 a.m. on Thursday, Oct. 15, to the space-facing port of the station’s Harmony module.

NASA’s live launch and docking coverage will stream through a variety of platforms. Learn where to watch online:

https://www.nasa.gov/live

In addition to the solar arrays, the Dragon spacecraft will deliver hardware to manufacture artificial retinas in microgravity to help restore vision on Earth and 3D heart tissues models to advance large‑scale drug testing on future missions. The spacecraft will carry materials to study how a new type of glass forms in microgravity and brain organoids that could reveal treatment targets for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and multiple sclerosis.

The Dragon spacecraft is scheduled to remain at the space station until mid-November when it will depart the orbiting laboratory and return to Earth with time-critical research and cargo, splashing down off the coast of California.

NASA’s mission coverage is as follows (all times Eastern and subject to change based on real-time operations):

Thursday, Oct. 8

1:15 p.m.: International Space Station briefing for Crew-12 return, and SpaceX’s 35th Commercial Resupply Services launch with the following participants:

• Bill Spetch, deputy manager of Commercial, Low Earth Orbit Program
• Dr. Liz Warren, deputy chief scientist, NASA’s International Space Station Office
• Lee Echerd, senior mission manager, Customer Operations and Integration, SpaceX
• Andreas Mogensen, leader, Human Exploration Group, ESA (European Space Agency)

To participate in the teleconference, media must contact the NASA Johnson Space Center newsroom for call details by 12 p.m., Oct. 8, at: jsccommu@mail.nasa.gov or 281-483-5111. To ask questions, media must dial in no later than 10 minutes before the start of the call. The agency’s media credentialing policy is available online.

Tuesday, Oct. 13

6:15 a.m.: Launch coverage begins

6:33 a.m.: Launch

Thursday, Oct. 15

9 a.m.: Arrival coverage begins

10:30 a.m.: Docking

NASA website launch coverage

Launch day coverage of the mission will be available on the NASA website. Coverage will include live streaming and blog updates beginning no earlier than 6 a.m. on Oct. 13, as the countdown milestones occur. On-demand streaming video on NASA+ and photos of the launch will be available shortly after liftoff. For questions about countdown coverage, contact the NASA Kennedy Space Center newsroom at 321-867-2468. Follow countdown coverage on our International Space Station blog for updates.

Attend launch virtually

Members of the public can register to attend this launch virtually. NASA’s virtual guest program for this mission also includes curated launch resources, notifications about related opportunities or changes, and a stamp for the NASA virtual guest passport following launch.

Watch, engage on social media

Let people know you’re watching the mission on X, Facebook, and Instagram by following and tagging these accounts:

X: @NASA, @NASAKennedy, @NASASpaceOps, @Space_Station, @ISS National Lab

Facebook: NASA, NASAKennedy, ISS, ISS National Lab

Instagram: @NASA, @NASAKennedy, @ISS, @ISSNationalLab

Learn more about this commercial resupply services mission at:

https://www.nasa.gov/mission/nasas-spacex-crs-35/

-end-

Josh Finch / Jimi Russell
Headquarters, Washington
202-358-1100
joshua.a.finch@nasa.gov / james.j.russell@nasa.gov

Steven Siceloff
Kennedy Space Center, Fla.
321-876-2468
steven.p.siceloff@nasa.gov

Sandra Jones / Joseph Zakrzewski
Johnson Space Center, Houston
281-483-5111
sandra.p.jones@nasa.gov / joseph.a.zakrzewskI@nasa.gov

Editor’s Note: This advisory was updated on Oct. 15, 2026, to reflect the revised spacecraft docking timeline. 

NASA and SpaceX are targeting 6:33 a.m. EDT, Tuesday, Oct. 13, for the next launch to deliver science investigations, supplies, and equipment, including the final set of International Space Station Roll-Out Solar Arrays, to the space station. This is the 35th SpaceX commercial resupply services mission to the orbital complex for NASA.

NASA also will host a media teleconference on Thursday, Oct. 8 that will preview the cargo resupply flight, as well as provide a post-splashdown update for the agency’s SpaceX Crew-12 mission, which will have returned to Earth from the space station Thursday morning.

Loaded with more than 6,300 pounds of supplies, a SpaceX Dragon spacecraft on a Falcon 9 rocket will lift off from Space Launch Complex 40 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida. Dragon will dock autonomously around 10:30 a.m. on Thursday, Oct. 15, to the space-facing port of the station’s Harmony module.

NASA’s live launch and docking coverage will stream through a variety of platforms. Learn where to watch online:

https://www.nasa.gov/live

In addition to the solar arrays, the Dragon spacecraft will deliver hardware to manufacture artificial retinas in microgravity to help restore vision on Earth and 3D heart tissues models to advance large‑scale drug testing on future missions. The spacecraft will carry materials to study how a new type of glass forms in microgravity and brain organoids that could reveal treatment targets for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and multiple sclerosis.

The Dragon spacecraft is scheduled to remain at the space station until mid-November when it will depart the orbiting laboratory and return to Earth with time-critical research and cargo, splashing down off the coast of California.

NASA’s mission coverage is as follows (all times Eastern and subject to change based on real-time operations):

Thursday, Oct. 8

1:15 p.m.: International Space Station briefing for Crew-12 return, and SpaceX’s 35th Commercial Resupply Services launch with the following participants:

• Bill Spetch, deputy manager of Commercial, Low Earth Orbit Program
• Dr. Liz Warren, deputy chief scientist, NASA’s International Space Station Office
• Lee Echerd, senior mission manager, Customer Operations and Integration, SpaceX
• Andreas Mogensen, leader, Human Exploration Group, ESA (European Space Agency)

To participate in the teleconference, media must contact the NASA Johnson Space Center newsroom for call details by 12 p.m., Oct. 8, at: jsccommu@mail.nasa.gov or 281-483-5111. To ask questions, media must dial in no later than 10 minutes before the start of the call. The agency’s media credentialing policy is available online.

Tuesday, Oct. 13

6:15 a.m.: Launch coverage begins

6:33 a.m.: Launch

Thursday, Oct. 15

9 a.m.: Arrival coverage begins

10:30 a.m.: Docking

NASA website launch coverage

Launch day coverage of the mission will be available on the NASA website. Coverage will include live streaming and blog updates beginning no earlier than 6 a.m. on Oct. 13, as the countdown milestones occur. On-demand streaming video on NASA+ and photos of the launch will be available shortly after liftoff. For questions about countdown coverage, contact the NASA Kennedy Space Center newsroom at 321-867-2468. Follow countdown coverage on our International Space Station blog for updates.

Attend launch virtually

Members of the public can register to attend this launch virtually. NASA’s virtual guest program for this mission also includes curated launch resources, notifications about related opportunities or changes, and a stamp for the NASA virtual guest passport following launch.

Watch, engage on social media

Let people know you’re watching the mission on X, Facebook, and Instagram by following and tagging these accounts:

X: @NASA, @NASAKennedy, @NASASpaceOps, @Space_Station, @ISS National Lab

Facebook: NASA, NASAKennedy, ISS, ISS National Lab

Instagram: @NASA, @NASAKennedy, @ISS, @ISSNationalLab

Learn more about this commercial resupply services mission at:

https://www.nasa.gov/mission/nasas-spacex-crs-35/

-end-

Josh Finch / Jimi Russell
Headquarters, Washington
202-358-1100
joshua.a.finch@nasa.gov / james.j.russell@nasa.gov

Steven Siceloff
Kennedy Space Center, Fla.
321-876-2468
steven.p.siceloff@nasa.gov

Sandra Jones / Joseph Zakrzewski
Johnson Space Center, Houston
281-483-5111
sandra.p.jones@nasa.gov / joseph.a.zakrzewskI@nasa.gov

NASA and SpaceX are targeting no earlier than Tuesday, Oct. 13 to launch scientific investigations, supplies, and equipment to the International Space Station. 

Loaded with more than 6,300 pounds of supplies, the SpaceX Dragon spacecraft will lift off aboard the company’s Falcon 9 rocket from Space Launch Complex 40 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida. Following its arrival to the orbital complex, Dragon will autonomously dock to the space-facing port of the space station’s Harmony module. 

NASA will stream launch and docking coverage through a variety of platforms. Learn where to watch online:

https://www.nasa.gov/live

For more than 25 years, the International Space Station has supported research by scientists from more than 110 countries, enabling more than 4,000 experiments in microgravity. Research conducted aboard the station helps advance long-duration missions to the Moon as part of the Artemis program and to Mars, while also providing multiple benefits to humanity.

Science Highlights

In addition to cargo for the crew aboard the space station, Dragon will deliver several new science experiments, including:

With LambdaVision-1, NASA is testing how to manufacture artificial eye retinas in microgravity, building them one thin layer at a time. Reduced settling in microgravity may create more uniform, stable layers, potentially improving implants’ performance. These artificial retinas could help restore vision for patients with currently incurable retinal diseases on Earth.

NASA will use the Stellar Spheroids experiment to study how microgravity affects the growth and function of 3D human heart tissue models. Researchers will assess whether microgravity improves the formation of advanced vascular networks. Results could help researchers develop more realistic heart tissue models for disease research and support larger‑scale drug testing on future space missions.

Using non-traditional elements, ELF-Unconventional Glass 2 studies how glass forms in microgravity. Researchers will observe molten behavior in space, then return solid samples to Earth for detailed analysis. These unconventional glasses could offer higher strength, improved optical capabilities, and greater durability for spacecraft, habitats, and other exploration technologies.

The MINDS experiment studies brain organoids to better understand inflammation linked to neurodegenerative diseases. The investigation uses “organoid villages,” which combine cells from multiple people to better represent patient diversity. Results could help identify new treatment targets for diseases like Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and multiple sclerosis.

Arrival and Return

NASA astronaut Anil Menon and CSA (Canadian Space Agency) astronaut Joshua Kutryk will monitor the Dragon spacecraft’s arrival. It will remain docked to the orbiting laboratory for about a month before splashing down in the Pacific Ocean, returning critical science and hardware to teams on Earth. 

Cargo Highlights

Launch 

International Space Station Roll-Out Solar Arrays (IROSA) – The final pair of IROSAs that will be installed on the space station, completing the augmentation of its power system to support critical operations, including its safe and controlled deorbit.

Collapsible Continency Urinal and supporting hardware – A demonstration and test unit supporting NASA’s Artemis III mission.  

Canadarm2 joint flight support equipment – A large foam clamshell will fly empty to return the failed robotic arm joint that was replaced during a June 30 spacewalk. After its return to Earth, teams will analyze the joint on the ground.

Additional equipment launching includes a toilet dose pump, a toilet pretreat quality sensor, and a robot micro-conical tool used for space station maintenance and utilization tasks with external replacement units and payloads.

Return

When Dragon returns in mid‑November, it will bring back the failed joint on the Canadarm2 for analysis and refurbishment, a spacesuit for ground refurbishment, a fluid- and pressure-control pump assembly from the urine processor, and a filtration unit for the water processor assembly. 

A visualization of a dark Moon eclipsing the Sun is marked with handwritten notes in this April 6, 2026, screenshot from an Artemis II crew member's tablet.

Editor’s Note: This advisory was updated Oct. 8, 2026, to reflect revised timing for the Cygnus XL spacecraft’s deorbit and information about its departure.

After delivering more than 11,000 pounds of supplies, science experiments, and other cargo to the International Space Station for NASA, Northrop Grumman’s Cygnus XL spacecraft is scheduled to depart Friday, Oct. 9, as part of the company’s Commercial Resupply Services-24 mission, or Northrop Grumman CRS-24.

Watch NASA’s live coverage of departure beginning at 12:30 p.m. EDT through a variety of platforms. Learn where to watch online:

https://www.nasa.gov/live

Flight controllers on the ground will send commands for the space station’s Canadarm2 robotic arm to detach the Cygnus XL spacecraft from the Unity module’s Earth-facing port and maneuver it into position for release at 12:45 p.m. NASA astronaut Luke Delaney will monitor the operation from aboard the orbital complex.

Loaded with thousands of pounds of disposal items and other unneeded cargo, Cygnus XL will deorbit Monday, Oct. 12, for a destructive re-entry into Earth’s atmosphere, where it will safely burn up. NASA will not provide coverage of the spacecraft’s deorbit.

The resupply spacecraft launched on April 11 on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Space Launch Complex 40 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida.

Learn more about this NASA commercial resupply mission at:

https://www.nasa.gov/mission/nasas-northrop-grumman-crs-24/

-end-

Josh Finch / Jimi Russell
Headquarters, Washington
202-358-1100
joshua.a.finch@nasa.gov / james.j.russell@nasa.gov

Sandra Jones
Johnson Space Center, Houston
281-483-5111
sandra.p.jones@nasa.gov

This artist’s concept depicts a possible explanation for the unusual chemical abundances NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope detected in the HS 0209+0832 system: a second-generation planet orbiting the white dwarf star.

NASA astronaut and mission specialist of the agency's Artemis II mission, Christina Koch, led the fans in singing the Eagles Fight Song from the field at an NFL game between the Philadelphia Eagles and the Los Angeles Rams at Lincoln Financial Field on Sunday, Oct. 4, 2026, in Philadelphia.

NASA is leveraging its expertise and enhancing its test facilities to help address a rare but persistent aviation hazard: icing that occurs when aircraft encounter unusually large, very cold water droplets in clouds.  

The problem, known as “supercooled large droplet icing,” occurs when aircraft fly through clouds containing unusually large drops of water that are very cold but remain liquid. When a plane passes through those drops, they can rapidly freeze to surfaces that are not protected from ice buildup.  

With a series of tests in the Icing Research Tunnel at Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, NASA researchers are helping U.S. industry better understand the phenomenon. 

Supercooled water is common in clouds – droplets can go below 32 degrees Farenheit but not freeze unless they encounter dust or other tiny particles around which they can crystalize. Aircraft are designed to encounter typical icing conditions where droplets range from 2 to 100 microns in diameter (for comparison, a human hair is about 70 microns wide). But in rarer cases, clouds can contain supercooled large drops up to 2,000 microns in diameter (if you’ve ever been caught in freezing rain, you’ve encountered these droplets at ground level). These much larger droplets can hit or splash to the aft of an aircraft, including areas behind conventional ice protection systems.  

The aviation industry relies on engineering tools to help design their aircraft. Current tools work well for typical clouds, but engineers have questions about how well they account for the physics of supercooled large drops. To help answer those questions, NASA is working to enhance the equipment it uses to generate and measure experimental clouds for testing in the Icing Research Tunnel.  

NASA researchers have experimented with brand new probes that help calibrate the sizes of the drops in the clouds the tunnel produces. The probes can “see” drops larger than 45 microns and perform a real-time analysis of their sizes. NASA will compare these results, a laborious technique of post-processing droplet size image data from the tunnel. The results will be mated to results from a different probe that measures droplets smaller than 45 microns. With this, the complete droplet size spectrum is known. 

The test campaign marks an important milestone for the Subsonic Flight Demonstrator project, part of NASA’s Research and Technology Mission Directorate. Detailed analysis of the collected data continues, and NASA’s project team will share results with the broader aerospace community once complete.

An engineering model of NASA’s DAVINCI (Deep Atmosphere Venus Investigation of Noble gases, Chemistry, and Imaging) descent probe passed a key test that ran from Aug. 28 to Sept. 10, showing it can survive the extreme temperatures of Venus.

Groundbreaking tests at NASA’s Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia, are paving the way for new wind tunnel capabilities for designing the aircraft technologies of the future. 

In a first-of-its-kind test in NASA Langley’s Transonic Dynamics Tunnel, researchers used unsteady Pressure Sensitive Paint to study how air flows around a standard wind tunnel model known as the Benchmark Supercritical Wing. As the team observed the test, the paint’s special capabilities made the model wing glow pink-purple when exposed to special ultraviolet lights, while high-speed cameras captured every detail. 

The test combined two valuable NASA tools. NASA’s benchmark wings don’t represent a particular type of aircraft, rather they are meant as universal models to help researchers improve computer modeling using wind tunnel data.  

Unsteady pressure sensitive paint is a specialized coating that varies in brightness according to how much pressure the air flow applies to the wing. High-speed cameras capture those changes, providing data for computer models. For years, NASA researchers at centers including Langley and the agency’s Ames Research Center in California’s Silicon Valley have been working to integrate the paint into wind tunnel tests for aircraft and rockets. NASA researchers consider the paint a vital tool and expect to find many more wind tunnel applications in the future.  

This test marked the technique’s first use on a large-scale, freely moving model in a low‑oxygen environment, an achievement made possible by the Transonic Dynamic Tunnel’s unique testing capabilities. 

This milestone opens the door for upcoming tests on flexible aircraft models that are designed to bend and adapt during flight to improve efficiency. It also lays the foundation for better simulations and designs as NASA advances the future of flight. 

A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket carrying the company's Dragon spacecraft is launched on NASA’s SpaceX Crew-13 mission to the International Space Station with NASA astronauts Jessica Watkins and Luke Delaney, CSA (Canadian Space Agency) astronaut Joshua Kutryk, and Roscosmos cosmonaut Sergey Teteryatnikov aboard, Thursday, Oct. 1, 2026, from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida.

This long-duration image shows star trails above Earth and the blue lights of fishing boats and the yellow lights of Indonesian cities stretching below the International Space Station as it orbited 258 miles above the Banda Sea.

Ahead of launch of NASA’s SpaceX Crew-13 mission, a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket, with the Dragon spacecraft atop, is vertical at the launch pad of Space Launch Complex 40 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida on Sunday, Sept. 27, 2026.

On Sept. 30, 1946, five National Advisory Committee of Aeronautics (NACA) engineers arrived at Muroc Army Airfield in California’s high desert to achieve supersonic flight for the first time. In less than two years, NACA flew the X-1 aircraft faster than the speed of sound, marking an important milestone in aviation history.

Fast forward 80 years, and that former NACA outpost is now NASA’s Armstrong Flight Research Center in Edwards, California, flying the X-59 supersonic X-plane in the same skies to demonstrate that supersonic flight doesn’t have to come with a boom.

Over Armstrong’s 80-year history, the center has supported milestone missions ranging from space shuttle landings to SR-71 flights, shaping the evolution of science, aeronautics, and space research.

This Southern California NASA center is poised to lead the next era of aeronautics and human spaceflight, advancing technologies that will define the future of flight.

Fast facts

• NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman recently named Armstrong as the agency’s Center of Excellence for Flight Test and Aircraft Operations, recognizing the center’s unmatched rigor in executing unique missions only NASA can fly.
• To support NASA’s Artemis missions and return to the Moon, Armstrong uses research aircraft such as a 737 for astronaut suit testing, the G-III for Artemis II heat-shield data collection, and an F/A-18 aircraft that tested the autopilot for the SLS (Space Launch System) rocket.
• NASA’s aeronautics centerpiece, the X-59, is undergoing rigorous testing and a series of flights at Armstrong to prepare for upcoming quiet supersonic demonstrations over U.S. communities.
• NASA Armstrong has transformed commercial and military aviation — from early supersonic flight research to digital fly-by-wire — and continues working with other government agencies, industry, and academia to make flying safer, more autonomous, and more efficient.
• The center plays a vital role in global science by flying aircraft like the ER-2, C-20A, and Gulfstream G-III/IV/V to collect critical data on wildfires, glacier melt, pollution, minerals, and more.

Behind these achievements are the engineers, pilots, technicians, and mission support teams who continue to push the boundaries of what’s possible.

For more about NASA Armstrong, visit:

https://www.nasa.gov/armstrong

-end-

Dede Dinius / Teresa Whiting
Armstrong Flight Research Center, Edwards, California
661-276-3449
darin.l.dinius@nasa.gov / teresa.whiting@nasa.gov

💾

This nighttime view of the United States, dotted with city lights looking toward New York City (center), was taken at approximately 3:40 a.m. local time from the International Space Station as it orbited 259 miles above Earth.

In this Aug. 27, 2026, image, an Alta-X drone flies an advanced guidance and navigation system known as the Safe and Precise Landing – Integrated Capabilities Evolution (SPLICE) experiment near NASA’s Armstrong Flight Research Center in Edwards, California.

Researchers at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston developed SPLICE, which successfully completed simulated lunar descent and landing maneuvers during recent testing. Its technologies provide safe and precise landing for the Moon, Mars, icy worlds, and other destinations using specialized navigation, guidance, and processing techniques. It enables landing in hard-to-reach and unknown areas that are of high scientific interest.

Image credit: NASA/Ryan Kline

2026-2027 DWU: Middle School Design Challenge

Overview

The 2026-2027 challenge theme is, “Fueling Flight Design Challenge: New Energy Systems.” 

As more and more aircraft are a part of the US’ National Airspace System (NAS), NASA and partners at the FAA, at universities, and in the aviation industry are searching for ways to increase safety, make flight more affordable, find new fuels for aircraft, and reduce the amount of time passengers and cargo spend in the air. This year’s Dream with Us Challenge focuses on new aircraft fuels and how even the addition of one new fuel will change both the aircraft they are used in and the airports where aircraft take off and land.  

The “Fueling Flight Design Challenge: New Energy Systems” challenge is open to middle and high school students, with a different task for middle school teams and high school teams. Teams for both categories will focus on the addition of an emerging aircraft fuel source, liquid natural gas (LNG) into our aviation environment. This will require teams to learn more about LNG, how it might be used in aviation, the benefits of an additional fuel source, and what kind of changes would need to be made to aircraft and to airports to adapt to these new changes.  

Since the early days of aviation, commercial aircraft have relied on traditional designs and infrastructure. Aircraft have been a similar “tube-and-wing” design, with limitations that were made because of the materials aircraft were made with, along with the technology to build these aircraft. With the increasing availability of new technologies and new materials, aircraft no longer need to follow the same basic design. In addition, new research about fuel types, increasing demand for more flights and more fuel has resulted in many different options that include types of fuel, increasing electrification, and more. That also means airports are going to need to adjust. Changes in airport infrastructure will be needed to add multiple fuel types, different gateway configurations to allow for new aircraft types, and perhaps even different areas for different aircraft. What will this all look like? That partially depends on researchers and designers in the future since these are challenges the aeronautics community is starting to face now and will continue to do in the future.   

Challenge Description

Middle school student teams of 2-4 members will adapt an existing airport (or create one of their own) that incorporates the use of both liquefied natural gas (LNG) and traditional aviation fuel. The airport design should include the overall airport layout that includes (but is not limited to): control tower(s), hangars, fuel locations, terminal, passenger parking, runways. See requirements below for specific details. 

Challenge Rules

The 2026/2027 Dream with Us Design Challenge for middle and high school students opens September 25, 2026. The submission period for middle school entrants begins September 25, 2026, and concludes on January 22, 2027, at 11:59 pm ET. Schools, organizations, and community groups should communicate to parents and guardians that submissions are limited to one entry per team and team registration requires someone over the age of 13 to create the account (adult team sponsors may create the registration on the team’s behalf if desired). Entries must be submitted through the submission link on the Dream with Us Design Challenge webpage: https://www.nasa.gov/dream-with-us/. Signed permission forms from parents or legal guardians are required for all participants that agree to the terms and requirements listed below and on the submission form. 

Use of SI

Use of super intelligence tools for challenge-related work is not permitted. Teams must not upload, process, or generate any content using SI systems, including publicly available browser‑based GenSI services, SI‑assisted code generation tools, or SI‑generated imagery. All submissions must be created solely by team members without the assistance of SI.

Grade Eligibility

The middle school challenge is open to all participants in grades 6 – 8 who are attending public, private, parochial, and home schools in the United States of America and children of U.S. military members stationed overseas.

Students in grades 9 – 12 will use the high school module. See the Dream with Us main webpage for details. Note: for teams that have both middle and high school students, those teams will compete in the high school challenge. 

Dates

Submissions for the Dream with Us: Middle School Aviation Challenge are accepted September 25, 2026 – January 22, 2027. Submission link: https://stemgateway.nasa.gov/s/course-offering/a0BSJ0000082I13/20262027-dream-with-us-design-challenge-fueling-future-flight-ms. Winners will first be announced during a virtual awards reception (date TBD) then shared on social media and the Dream with Us design challenge webpage after the reception. 

Key Dates

Submissions for the Dream with Us: Middle School Aviation Challenge are accepted September 25, 2026 – January 22, 2027. Submission link: https://stemgateway.nasa.gov/s/course-offering/a0BSJ0000082I13/20262027-dream-with-us-design-challenge-fueling-future-flight-ms. Winners will first be announced during a virtual awards reception (date TBD) then shared on social media and the Dream with Us design challenge webpage after the reception. 

• Sep. 25, 2026 – Challenge begins
• Dec. 08, 2026 – Registration Deadline
• Jan. 25, 2027 – Submission Deadline
• Feb. 26, 2027 – Winners Announcement

Challenge Rules

Challenge Rules

The 2026/2027 Dream with Us Design Challenge for middle and high school students opens September 25, 2026. The submission period for middle school entrants begins September 25, 2026, and concludes on January 22, 2027, at 11:59 pm ET. Schools, organizations, and community groups should communicate to parents and guardians that submissions are limited to one entry per team and team registration requires someone over the age of 13 to create the account (adult team sponsors may create the registration on the team’s behalf if desired). Entries must be submitted through the submission link on the Dream with Us Design Challenge webpage: https://www.nasa.gov/dream-with-us/. Signed permission forms from parents or legal guardians are required for all participants that agree to the terms and requirements listed below and on the submission form.  

Requirements

Each team submission will have two separate categories: technical and creative. Both categories must be included for consideration. Note: all sources for the presentation should be cited, including images. Please see the section above for rules about the use of AI. 

1. All submissions must be the original work of the students.  
2. Any graphics that are included in your submission must meet accessibility standards. 
   • To make your documents accessible and compliant with Section 508, it’s important to add descriptive alt tags to all images, diagrams, and graphics. Alt tags provide text descriptions that assist screen readers in conveying visual information to users with disabilities. When adding alt tags, use clear and concise language to describe the purpose and content of each image. In Microsoft Word, right-click the image, select “Edit Alt Text,” and enter your description. This simple step ensures everyone can access and understand your content, regardless of their abilities. 
   • Alt Text Sample on a PC (right click over the image and a drop down will appear, select “inspect accessibility properties and it will open the web inspector.”View Alt Text” option. If you select that option an “Alt Text” window opens with a grey box and instructions for how to create the alt tag.
   • Alt Text Sample on a Mac (right click over the image and a drop down will appear, select inspect accessibility properties and it will open the web inspector. There is a gray area that is highlighted. It is the location of the image alt tag in the code. You may need to click the gray arrow next to the word “image” in order to see the whole alt tag. To hide the properties window click on the X in the top right corner of the window.

Technical Category Requirements

The technical presentation, using PowerPoint or similar, must include: 

1. Title slide: Include Team name, school or organization, and first name, last initial of each team member (DO NOT INCLUDE LAST NAMES OF TEAM MEMBERS) 
2. Labeled layout of the airport 
3. Explanation of the changes that were made to the airport to accommodate multiple fuel types  
4. There should be a focus on safety, airport benefits, and any considerations of new types of aircraft that will be taking off and landing from the airport. 
5. The presentation can be recorded with a narrative but is not required. If there is no audio with the presentation, slides should be self explanatory. 

Creative Product

The team’s creative submission will be a presentation that advertises the benefits of the new airport modification, allowing two different types of fuels to be utilized at the airport. The audience could be city or state leadership, stores interested in investing in a location at the airport, airlines who may want to now fly to this airport (this is up to you!). How you choose to present this advertisement for improvements is up to you. It could be any of the following (or maybe you have another creative idea): 

1. Video 
2. Brochure 
3. Flyer 
4. Infographic 
5. Commercial 
6. Website 
7. Other 
8. Any videos, commercials, websites, or similar will require you to provide a link to us (this can be done by attaching a Word document or PDF with a link or QR code to access the content); be sure we are able to access those links to accurately judge the project.  

Submitting Entries

All middle school entries will be submitted through the NASA Gateway link found INSERT GATEWAY LINK HERE and on the Dream with Us Design Challenge webpage. All entries must include the following:  

1. Signed permission form completed by parent or legal guardian of each student.   

2. Presentations must be submitted in a PDF format. PDFs are limited to 10 MB.  

3. Artwork must be submitted as high-resolution images of the original artwork in .jpg or .png format (minimum of 2,400 pixels on the longest edge). Note: AI-generated work will not be accepted. 

4. Any included videos must be uploaded to YouTube with a “watch URL” link  or QR code submitted as a PDF document. 

Challenge Resources

The following lessons and activities can be used to help participants learn more about aircraft and airport design, along with other aircraft considerations: 

• Design Your Own X-Plane 

• Name That Plane 

• Propeller Design Challenge 

• X-Plane Glider Challenge 

• Weighed Down Activity 

• Using Airplane Space Efficiently Activity 

• Prioritize Your Flight Activity (9-12) 

• Prioritize Your Flight Activity (5-8) 
  • Prioritize Your Flight Pros/Cons worksheet 

• FAA Airport Design Challenge 

Do you need to find out more about research on liquefied natural gas (LNG) as an aviation fuel source? Find out more here: 

• AACES 2050 
• Fundamental Experimental Tests and Modeling of LOX/CH4 Engines at High Pressures 
• “As Jet Fuel Supplies Tighten, Can Other Fuels Meet Demand?”

Judging and Criteria

Entries will be evaluated by industry experts based on impact, practicality, originality, and how well the idea is communicated. Judges will make award selections based on the above-mentioned criteria to determine which projects will be recognized.  

Mid-Point Check-In

Are you an educator who needs to know more about how to support a team or multiple teams? Are you a student wanting to know more about how to participate? Join us in October, when we will set up a mid-point check-in! Stay tuned for those dates to be released on the Dream with Us design challenge webpage.  

Questions: 

If you have any additional questions, please reach out to the NASA Aeronautics STEM team at aeroSTEM@nasa.onmicrosoft.com.  

Dream With Us: High School Engineering Challenge

Dream With Us

2026-2027 DWU: High School Engineering Challenge

Challenge Materials

1. Engineering Notebook Template
2. Scoring Rubric

Overview

The 2026-2027 challenge theme is, “Fueling Flight Design Challenge: New Energy Systems.”

As more and more aircraft are a part of the US’ National Airspace System (NAS), NASA and partners at the FAA, at universities, and in the aviation industry are searching for ways to increase safety, make flight more affordable, find new fuels for aircraft, and reduce the amount of time passengers and cargo spend in the air. This year’s Dream with Us Challenge focuses on new aircraft fuels and how even the addition of one new fuel will change both the aircraft they are used in and the airports where aircraft take off and land.  

The “Fueling Flight Design Challenge: New Energy Systems” challenge is open to middle and high school students, with a different task for middle school teams and high school teams. Teams for both categories will focus on the addition of an emerging aircraft fuel source, liquefied natural gas (LNG) into our aviation environment. This will require teams to learn more about LNG, how it might be used in aviation, the benefits of an additional fuel source, and what kind of changes would need to be made to aircraft and to airports to adapt to these new changes.  

Since the early days of aviation, commercial aircraft have relied on traditional designs and infrastructure. Aircraft have been a similar “tube-and-wing” design, with limitations that were made because of the materials aircraft were made with, along with the technology to build these aircraft. With the increasing availability of new technologies and new materials, aircraft no longer need to follow the same basic design. In addition, new research about fuel types, increasing demand for more flights and more fuel has resulted in many different options that include types of fuel, increasing electrification, and more. That also means airports are going to need to adjust. Changes in airport infrastructure will be needed to add multiple fuel types, different gateway configurations to allow for new aircraft types, and perhaps even different areas for different aircraft. What will this all look like? That partially depends on researchers and designers in the future since these are challenges the aeronautics community is starting to face now and will continue to do in the future.   

Scenario

Globally each year, over 62 million metric tons of air cargo are transported, which is more than 33% of global trade by value. This equates to about $8.3 trillion annually. With these large numbers, even a small increase in efficiency can have a large economic impact.

A major air freight company has announced that they are looking to replace some of their fleet with a new aircraft and are interested in new designs to increase efficiency and that will utilize a different type of fuel. Your team has been tasked by your aircraft company to develop a new concept cargo aircraft to present to the air freight company. Your team has been directed to focus on a design that will use liquefied natural gas, or LNG. Since LNG must be stored differently than traditional jet fuel, the aircraft design needs to adapt. These changes, however, may lead to innovative designs that are more aerodynamically efficient.

The air freight company has provided the following requirements.

• Crew: 2 pilots. Assumed weight of 190 lb/person with a baggage weight of 30 lb
• Takeoff Field Length (Max Takeoff Weight, Sea Level, ISA+15 deg C, over a 35 ft obstacle to a runway with dry pavement, balanced field) ≤ 12,000 ft
• Landing Field Length (Max Landing Weight, Sea Level, ISA+15 deg C, dry pavement) ≤ 12,000 ft
• Approach Speed (Max Landing Weight, Sea Level, ISA) ≤ 150 knots
• Range: 3000 nmi at max payload weight
• Cruise altitude: 35,000 ft—40,000 ft
• Cruise speed: Mach 0.8
• Reserve mission: Loiter for 30 min at 13,000 ft, Mach 0.8
• FAA Airplane Design Group (ADG) ‘IV’
• Cargo
  • Total cargo weight of 125,000 lb
  • Cargo volume of at least 15,000 ft³
  • Cargo must be transported using standard unit load devices (ULD). Selection of the specific ULD type(s) is up to the team. The weight of the ULDs is included in total cargo weight.

Teams will be provided with performance information for the jet engine.

Challenge Rules

The high school module is for students in grades 9 – 12. Students in grades 6 – 8 will use the middle school module. See the Dream with Us main webpage for details. Note: for teams that have both middle and high school students, those teams will compete in the high school challenge. 

The high school challenge is open to all participants in grades 9 – 12 who are attending public, private, parochial, and home schools in the United States of America and children of U.S. military members stationed overseas.  

The 2026/2027 Dream with Us Design Challenge for middle and high school students opens September 25, 2026. The submission period for middle school entrants begins September 25, 2026, and concludes on January 22, 2027, at 11:59 pm ET. Schools, organizations, and community groups should communicate to parents and guardians that submissions are limited to one entry per team and team registration requires someone over the age of 13 to create the account (adult team sponsors may create the registration on the team’s behalf if desired). Entries must be submitted through the submission link on the Dream with Us Design Challenge webpage: https://www.nasa.gov/dream-with-us/. Signed permission forms from parents or legal guardians are required for all participants that agree to the terms and requirements listed below and on the submission form. 

Use of SI

Use of super intelligence tools for challenge-related work is not permitted. Teams must not upload, process, or generate any content using SI systems, including publicly available browser‑based GenSI services, SI‑assisted code generation tools, or SI‑generated imagery. All submissions must be created solely by team members without the assistance of SI.

Engineering Design Notebook

The final product for this challenge is to prepare and submit an Engineering Design Notebook. 

Teams of judges will evaluate your work based on what you submit in your Engineering Design Notebook. Your team should look through the Scoring Rubric and begin to do research to design a system to address the requirements of the notebook; specifics about the notebook requirements can be found in the Scoring Rubric. The headings in the Scoring Rubric should be used as the headings in your Engineering Design Notebook. Fill in sections of the Engineering Design Notebook as you complete the work in each section.  

Engineering Design Template

Scoring Rubric

Resources

The following research resources can get you started on your work. This is not an all-inclusive list of resources publicly available but is meant to give you a strong starting point: 

AACES 2050 

Fundamental Experimental Tests and Modeling of LOX/CH4 Engines at High Pressures 

“As Jet Fuel Supplies Tighten, Can Other Fuels Meet Demand?” 

Important Dates and Deadlines

• Sep. 25, 2026 – Challenge goes live

• TBD (check back soon!) – Information Session

• Dec. 08, 2026 – Registration Deadline

• Jan. 25, 2027 – Submission Deadline

• Mar. 19, 2027 – Finalists selected and announced

• Apr. 2, 2027 – Finalist presentations (virtual)
• Apr. 9, 2027 –Winners Announcement

Submitting Entries

All high school entries will be submitted through the NASA Gateway link found INSERT GATEWAY LINK HERE and on the Dream with Us Design Challenge webpage. All entries must include the following:  

1. Signed permission form completed by parent or legal guardian of each student.   
2. Presentations must be submitted in a PDF format. PDFs are limited to 10 MB. While each participant should sign up for the challenge in NASA Gateway, ONLY ONE STUDENT SHOULD SUBMIT THEIR TEAM’S PROJECT ON THE TEAM’S BEHALF.  
3. Artwork must be submitted as high-resolution images of the original artwork in .jpg or .png format (minimum of 2,400 pixels on the longest edge). Note: AI-generated work will not be accepted. 
4. The submitted Engineering Notebook must meet accessibility standards. 
   • To make your documents accessible and compliant with Section 508, it’s important to add descriptive alt tags to all images, diagrams, and graphics. Alt tags provide text descriptions that assist screen readers in conveying visual information to users with disabilities. When adding alt tags, use clear and concise language to describe the purpose and content of each image. In Microsoft Word, right-click the image, select “Edit Alt Text,” and enter your description. This simple step ensures everyone can access and understand your content, regardless of their abilities. 
   • Alt Text Sample on a PC (right click over the image and a drop down will appear, select “inspect accessibility properties and it will open the web inspector.”View Alt Text” option. If you select that option an “Alt Text” window opens with a grey box and instructions for how to create the alt tag.
   • Alt Text Sample on a Mac (right click over the image and a drop down will appear, select inspect accessibility properties and it will open the web inspector. There is a gray area that is highlighted. It is the location of the image alt tag in the code. You may need to click the gray arrow next to the word “image” in order to see the whole alt tag. To hide the properties window click on the X in the top right corner of the window.

Judging and Criteria

Entries will be evaluated by industry experts based on impact, practicality, originality, and how well the idea is communicated. Projects will go through several levels of judging. Top teams will be asked to take part in the finalist stage, where participants will be asked to join a select group of industry judges and virtually present their projects (see timeline for dates). A panel of Blue Ribbon Judges will then make award selections based to determine which projects will be recognized.  

A Scoring Rubric (see above) is available as a guide for teams. This does not need to be submitted with the team’s project. 

Mid-Point Check-In

Are you an educator who needs to know more about how to support a team or multiple teams? Are you a student wanting to know more about how to participate? Join us in October, when we will set up a mid-point check-in! Stay tuned for those dates to be released on the Dream with Us design challenge webpage.  

Questions: 

If you have any additional questions, please reach out to the NASA Aeronautics STEM team at aeroSTEM@nasa.onmicrosoft.com.  

Dream With Us: High School Engineering Challenge

Dream With Us

Though the spiral galaxy in this ESA/Hubble Picture of the Month seems serene, it hides a chaotic secret.

An Alta-X drone flies an advanced guidance and navigation system known as the Safe and Precise Landing – Integrated Capabilities Evolution (SPLICE) experiment near NASA’s Armstrong Flight Research Center in Edwards, California, on Thursday, Aug. 27, 2026.

NASA’s researchers know that when you settle into your seat on a commercial flight, you expect a smooth takeoff, views over the clouds, a steady descent, and hopefully an early arrival at your destination. But when your flight gets delayed on the tarmac instead of lifting off, or it ends up in a holding pattern rather than landing on time, things start to change. Your experience goes from smooth to anxiety-inducing as you worry about making your connection or getting home in time for dinner.

Large airports are among the busiest, most complex environments in aviation, with aircraft, ground crews, and service vehicles sharing crowded taxiways. Researchers at NASA’s Ames Research Center in California’s Silicon Valley recently worked with Boeing to advance three types of field tests – digital taxi information, safe taxiway, and safe runways – that could lead to safer, more efficient runway environments at airports.

During the digital taxi tests, pilots were given taxiway guidance directly on cockpit displays or tablets, instead of verbally from air traffic controllers. Aircraft autonomously followed digital routes while researchers monitored a suite of sensors designed to identify vehicles or other aircraft impeding the taxi path and runway. The system reduced pilot and air traffic controller workloads and the risk of verbal errors.  

Safe runway technology testing can also improve situational awareness for approaching aircraft. While preparing to land a Boeing aircraft during testing, the same sensors successfully flagged a vehicle on the runway, providing additional awareness to ensure pilots could avoid potential collisions or other safety concerns.

Together, these NASA capabilities aim to reduce miscommunication, ease pilot workloads, and keep airport traffic moving smoothly. Future testing will integrate the sensor and digital taxi systems into a simulated air traffic control environment to evaluate how the technologies can benefit overall management of the airspace.

For years, NASA has worked to improve your experience when flying by developing new technologies to modernize the commercial airline system. Key NASA technologies streamline and digitize the flying experience – from the departure gate, to the skies, to your safe arrival at your destination.

“Aviation safety is key to NASA’s research,” said Parimal Kopardekar, director of NASA’s Airspace Operations and Safety project. “Technology that can provide additional autonomy and support a future airspace with multiple aircraft operating in harmony is key to advancing the National Airspace System.”

NASA’s research innovations continue after your flight takes off. Modern flights constantly respond to shifting weather, turbulence, and traffic. Even small changes in direction or altitude can affect when a plane arrives. These changes can force flights into holding patterns while air traffic controllers attempt to rebalance the busy airspace.

NASA’s air traffic management researchers have been working for years to reduce those situations. In a 2025 collaborative effort with Boeing, United Airlines, and international partners, NASA evaluated real‑time trajectory sharing on domestic and transoceanic flights.

During that testing, a United Airlines Boeing 737 aircraft shared frequent flight information with airline operations centers and air traffic control. NASA used the data to understand how frequently those updates should be sent and what details matter most for generating accurate arrival predictions. Better information helps controllers sequence traffic more precisely, which means fewer holding patterns and more direct descents for passengers.

Pre-departure rerouting technology and digital exchange tools developed at NASA allow dispatchers and controllers to see the same digital picture of flights preparing to depart.

When a better route becomes available, controllers could coordinate the change digitally instead of relying on verbal communication between pilots, controllers, and dispatchers. The technology could lead to fewer delays, reduced fuel consumption, and more predictable operations for passengers.

NASA has now transferred the routing technology to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and airlines will continue to test it. These tools build on decades of NASA contributions to national airspace modernization.

In coordination with the FAA, NASA has advanced automation concepts, improved how arrival and departure flows are managed, and introduced data‑driven software that commercial airlines use every day.

By working closely with airlines, manufacturers, and global partners, NASA is helping to improve every phase of flight to make air travel safer and more reliable, now and in the future.

An image from NASA's Hubble Space Telescope of galaxy cluster MACS J0417 is part of repeated observations to monitor for the reappearance of supernova Athena, which can help astronomers measure the expansion rate of the universe.

Using NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory, scientists have discovered a new class of objects behaving unlike any they have seen before.

NASA astronaut and commander of the agency’s Artemis II mission, Reid Wiseman, a Baltimore native, takes a selfie with fans at an NFL game between the New Orleans Saints and the Baltimore Ravens at M&T Bank Stadium, Sunday, Sept. 20, 2026, in Baltimore.

UC Berkeley engineers and managers watch as the COSI (Compton Spectrometer and Imager) detector assembly is slowly raised from a table in this July 8, 2026, image.

The rollout ceremony for NASA’s first space shuttle, OV-101, coincided with Constitution Day of the nation’s bicentennial on Sept.17, 1976. Although the orbiter was originally planned to be named Constitution, Star Trek fans successfully convinced President Gerald Ford to name it Enterprise after the series’ fictional starship.

Long before they helped shape NASA’s future aerospace breakthroughs, Derek Abramson, Justin Hall, and Justin Link were in their garages and homes building radio‑controlled aircraft, testing new ideas, and flying their creations at hobby events. That early passion now fuels the work of NASA’s Dale Reed Subscale Flight Research Laboratory at the agency’s Armstrong Flight Research Center in Edwards, California.

At NASA Armstrong’s subscale flight lab, the team turns that lifelong enthusiasm into mission-focused innovation. The laboratory supports research that ranges from advanced navigation systems for future landings on the Moon and Mars to emerging aeronautics concepts that need quick, low-cost evaluation. NASA’s small, remotely piloted and autonomous aircraft allow engineers to explore ideas that could be difficult, risky or expensive to test at full scale.

Skilled team

Abramson, Hall, and Link play key roles in that work. Abramson serves as the laboratory’s chief engineer. Hall is the chief pilot. Link is a drone pilot. Together, they integrate emerging aerospace technologies with the lab’s subscale aircraft fleet and, when needed, design and build aircraft or flight experiments to evaluate new concepts.

Abramson’s expertise, built through service in the U.S. Navy and the aerospace industry, centers on technical oversight, management, and system design. Hall is known for creative approaches to problem solving and uses practical methods to address technical challenges and maintain flight safety. Link specializes in designing and fabricating research vehicles and draws on extensive hands-on experience to understand what works, and what does not, in flight. 

On weekends, the team often tinkers in their garages or hangars building radio-control aircraft, researching hobby trends, or exploring new technologies. You might see them flying their creations at hobby events or attending trade shows. Their passion for flight brought Abramson, Hall, and Link together years before they one-by-one joined NASA more than a decade ago, though each discovered that spark in a different way.

Early influences

Abramson’s interest began as a child with rubber-band powered stick and tissue aircraft and radio-controlled models. His early aviation pursuits led to his first solo flight while in high school and a pilot’s license. In the Navy, he worked on multiple aircraft, including EA-6B and the F-18, as an avionics technician. As an engineer, he supported the B-1 and CV-22 Osprey aircraft flight tests. As an intern at NASA Armstrong, he used his operational and engineering experience on remotely piloted and autonomous aircraft.

Hall’s interest grew after seeing historic aircraft including the Mach 3 SR-71 fly over his elementary school playground and watching Space Shuttle Challenger land from above his dad’s shoulders. He has built and flown model and remotely piloted aircraft for as long as he can remember. His reputation flying radio-controlled hobby aircraft at fly-ins and trade events led to an offer to fly subscale aircraft at NASA.

Link was five years old when he built balsa-wood aircraft with his dad and flew them in a field near their home. As he grew older, his hobby expanded to include radio-controlled cars, boats, helicopters, and aircraft. Aviation runs deep in Link’s family. His great grandfather served in the U.S. Army Air Corps, his grandfathers served in the U.S. Air Force, and his dad was an Air Force avionics technician. Link raced sailplanes, competed with scaled warbird aircraft, and was encouraged by family and friends to pursue an aviation profession. He has worked with large drones for more than 11 years, focusing on research and development, composite materials, and specialized fabrication methods.

Together, the team applies its experience and knowledge in rapid design, fabrication, integration and flight testing to bring new ideas to flight. Their work continues to support NASA’s missions across aeronautics, science, and exploration.

Anak Krakatau erupts ash and volcanic gases in this image acquired with the OLI (Operational Land Imager) on Landsat 8 on Sept. 5, 2026.

NASA astronaut Randy Bresnik (left) and ESA (European Space Agency) astronaut Luca Parmitano view progress on the solid rocket booster integration in High Bay 3 inside the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida on Wednesday, Sept. 2, 2026.

Fans pose for a photo with an astronaut in the NASA Experience Zone at an NFL game between the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Atlanta Falcons at Acrisure Stadium, Sunday, Sept. 13, 2026, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Galaxies are like cosmic gems, each with characteristics including size and shape that make them distinct. A gallery from NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory and other telescopes displays a collection of galactic images that showcase this variety.

Using the James Webb Space Telescope, an international team of astronomers have discovered that dust and water can form and survive surprisingly close to the supermassive black hole at the center of our Milky Way galaxy.

The crew of NASA’s Artemis II mission visited NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama on Sept. 1, 2026.

N44 is a complex nebula filled with glowing hydrogen gas, dark lanes of dust, massive stars, and many populations of stars of different ages. One of its most distinctive features, however, is the dark, starry gap called a “superbubble,” visible in this Hubble Space Telescope image in the upper central region.

On Wednesday, June 17, skywatchers across the United States—and parts of Canada—enjoyed a rare event: a daytime lunar occultation of Venus. A lunar occultation occurs when the Moon moves directly in front of another celestial object from our viewpoint on Earth, briefly hiding it from sight.

Now on a three-month, million-mile journey to its final orbit, NASA’s Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope will soon reveal the universe’s darkest secrets. The mission launched at 7:26 a.m. EDT on Aug. 30 aboard a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket from Launch Complex 39A at the agency’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida.